The Spacetime Metric

Computing and communication on the field itself

Power that never runs down, phase you can change without spending anything, and a channel that goes straight through the planet.

A community computing hall. The columns are superconducting, the machines draw on the vacuum, and the signal going up through the oculus would have gone through the hill just as easily.

The capability this page assumes

A sealed vacuum-energy device at chip scale, superconducting and phase-locked hardware as the default, and coherent Josephson arrays used as gravitational-wave emitters and detectors.

Horizon: Superconducting computing arrives with the first sealed device; the through-the-planet channel arrives with the first gaser junction measurement. Both benches exist now.

This page assumes the endpoint of the thesis, not a step toward it: a sealed vacuum-energy device small enough to sit inside a phone, quantum phase treated as an ordinary engineering variable, and coherent Josephson arrays built as gravitational-wave emitters. The headline change is that machines stop having a power budget and computing runs superconducting by default. The deeper change is that the vacuum becomes the thing you compute with and signal through — a channel with no line of sight, hardware assembled atom by atom, and the field itself as the next thing to read.

The capability we assume

Three capabilities. By the end of this page they will look like one thing seen from three sides.

Take the hardest of the three first, because it has a number attached. If a wafer emits into the gravitational channel at 24 gigahertz, is anything listening? The rungs below count the remaining distance in orders of magnitude, and set two distances of known size beside it.

Before you move anything — what do you expect?

Optional, and there is no score. The instrument below works exactly the same whether you answer or not.

A wafer is designed to emit gravitational waves at about 24 gigahertz. How far from being heard do you expect it to be?

The gaser, measured against the instruments

Stephenson's wafer is specific enough to be measured, so measure it. Here is the megahertz-to-gigahertz band with the published detectors laid across it, and 24.048 gigahertz — the frequency the gaser is designed to emit at — drawn as a line through them. Then the distance the author names himself: roughly twenty orders of magnitude of coupling still to find. A zoomable scale would hide that, because above about a million readers stop reading a logarithmic axis logarithmically. So the orders are counted instead, one rung at a time, next to two distances of known size.

What to look at
The published detectors of the megahertz-to-gigahertz band, with the gaser's emission frequency drawn through them, and the shortfall its author states counted in rungsTwo views of one subject. The band view runs frequency from one megahertz to one hundred gigahertz on a logarithmic axis, one decade per step, with a horizontal bar for each published instrument at the strain figure its paper states, and a vertical line at 24.048 gigahertz where the gaser is designed to emit. The gap view is a ladder of counted rungs, one rung per order of magnitude: the gaser's published ideal case above the noise floor of its own reciprocal detector, the twenty orders of coupling its author says are still missing, where that leaves the device today, the six orders by which the whole band still falls short of the physics it is hunting, and the sixteen orders that separated a century-ago technology from the bands LIGO and LISA now cover.
  • Strain noise per root hertz
  • An upper limit already set on a background
  • The gaser
The gaser's ledger is kept in power, in the paper's own units, because the paper's own signal-to-noise is a power ratio against the same junctions used as a detector. Converting it into a strain would mean inventing a number the paper does not publish, and this figure publishes nothing it cannot cite.Two different rulers, on purpose. Frequency is a place, so it runs as a dial: one decade per step, left to right. The orders of magnitude are a size, and sizes above about a million stop being read logarithmically — so every order is drawn as its own counted rung and numbered, and the distance a reader sees is the distance there is.Three quantities, kept apart. Most of these figures are strain noise per root hertz, the number a running instrument quotes. ARCADE 2's is an upper limit on a stochastic background already excluded by radio data, not an instrument noise floor. The Li–Baker figure is a dimensionless monochromatic strain amplitude its authors state the design could resolve. Drawing all three as one curve is the ordinary way to get this picture wrong, so each is marked and named.
The distances, counted
The gaser's emission frequency:
24.0 GHz
The published ideal case:
1.2E-1 W / 6E-10 W
The shortfall the author states:
20
Where that leaves the device today:
-11.7

Reading: The shortfall the author states. 20.0 — One rung is one order of magnitude.

Twenty rungs. The ideal case assumes nearly perfect conversion between the d-wave and the s-wave sides of the junction, and Stephenson says on air that this efficiency is not yet understood and puts the remaining coupling shortfall at roughly twenty orders of magnitude. He also says plainly that the device as specified generates gravitons rather than amplifying them. Nobody had to find this out; it arrived with the paper.

The published ideal case assumes nearly perfect conversion, and the author is explicit that the conversion is the open problem. Subtract the shortfall he states and the ledger closes where the drawing shows it.

This is what taking a proposal seriously looks like. A programme that names no frequency and no output cannot appear on these axes at all; the gaser can, because it names a wafer, a bias voltage, an emitter count, a predicted power, a detector and its own missing number. The distance is real, and so is the fact that it is stated rather than discovered by a critic.

Three things would move the line. The frequency scaling Stephenson gives on the same broadcast: strain rises with the square of the frequency and radiated power with the fourth, so the whole ledger moves with the band a future wafer is designed for. The coherence law the array exists for: radiated power grows with the square of the number of emitters kept in step, so 81 pads on a 150 mm wafer is the smallest version of the device, not the largest. And the conversion efficiency itself — the doping sweep across d-wave and s-wave regimes that the paper recommends as the first experiment is the measurement that would put a real number where twenty orders of magnitude currently stand.

Read the source sheets. The 100-megahertz recycling interferometerA microwave cavity on ADMX parametersARCADE 2, recastThe Li–Baker detectorThe gaser

A device that never runs down. Not a power station shrunk — a chip. Ashton Forbes states the endpoint exactly: "a free energy microchip that goes in your phone and your phone runs forever" (Twist the Phase, 3 September 2026). The reservoir behind it is not a small quantity. Eric Davis's comparison table puts the electromagnetic zero-point energy of the vacuum at about 10¹¹³ joules per cubic metre against a dark-energy density near a nanojoule per cubic metre. Chapter 6 follows the three funded programmes building the extractor — Garret Moddel's asymmetric optical resonator, Harold White's Casimir power cell, Charles Chase's asymmetric resonant tunnelling diode — and the rule all three work inside. Chase states it against himself: nothing comes out of the vacuum unless you break symmetry or run out of equilibrium. Each design is an engineered asymmetry. That is the trick, and it is on the bench now.

Phase, handled the way voltage is handled today. This is the capability that changes computing rather than merely powering it. The vector potential — taught in the vector potential course and in Chapter 10 — changes the phase of matter where the electric and magnetic fields are zero. Settled physics: Aharonov and Bohm predicted it in 1959, Tonomura's group confirmed it in 1986. Chase calls it the secret sauce for the reason that matters here — the potential "changes the phase of things with no energy exchange… and that is what you need to get particles that do not want to be in phase into phase" (Infinite Efficiency, 1 September 2026). A state variable you can set without paying for it is a computing primitive, and this world is built on it. The phase and coherence course teaches the idea from the double slit to oscillators falling into step.

Hardware that emits into the field, not just into the air. A Josephson junction converts voltage to frequency at 483.6 terahertz per volt with a linearity nothing else matches, which is why it defines the volt. Gary Stephenson's gaser design, followed in Chapter 11, puts an s-wave-to-d-wave Josephson array on a wafer in YBCO or BSCCO, biases it near fifty microvolts to sit at 24 gigahertz, and aims it at emitting gravitational waves. High-frequency gravitational-wave communication was one of the thirty-eight Defense Intelligence Reference Documents Hal Puthoff administered. Designed, not yet built — and with a named first measurement.

Underneath all three sits the claim this site exists to teach: the vacuum is a structured medium whose density sets the permittivity and permeability of space — which is to say the local speed of light, which is to say the metric. Change the field and you change the physics of the room. Computing is simply where you would notice first.

First-order effects

The power budget leaves the design. Every machine now built is shaped by its battery or its plug. Take the sealed device to chip scale and that constraint leaves the whole industry at once — phones, sensors, instruments, laboratory rigs, everything that trades capability for endurance.

Cold becomes ordinary, so computing goes superconducting. A superconducting interconnect carries current with no resistance at all, and single-flux-quantum logic switches at tens to hundreds of gigahertz on a small fraction of the energy a transistor spends. The only thing that kept that architecture in laboratories was the refrigerator. With power abundant, refrigeration is an appliance — and a superconductor, the largest piece of coherent quantum matter anyone can hold, becomes the default material to build with. Chapter 11 turns into a hardware manual.

The hardware gets assembled atom by atom. Chase and Moe Arman's coherent matter-wave beam phase-locks fermions using the vector potential — Aharonov–Bohm again, no energy exchange, Kuramoto synchronisation doing the organising. Chase's stated targets are a beam roughly a million times more powerful than a laser and deposition resolution calculated at 0.2 nanometres. Ashton's reaction is the right one: "this is alchemy we're talking about now" (4 September 2026). Atomic assembly is how the chips in the rest of this list get built.

Sensing goes everywhere. SQUIDs read magnetic fields a hundred billion times weaker than the Earth's, and today they need a shielded room and a cryogenics contract. In this world they need nothing at all, because the instrument carries its own source.

A channel that goes through things. Gravitational waves pass through rock, water and metal essentially unattenuated — textbook relativity, not a proposal. Build the emitter and you have a link with no line of sight, no repeaters, no towers and nothing to cut.

Second-order effects

Computing stops being somewhere else. The enormous shed beside the power station exists because electricity has a price and a place. Delete both and serious machines sit where people are: a school, a clinic, a village hall. The picture at the top of this page is not a fantasy of scale. It is a room.

Communication stops needing infrastructure. No cable run, no repeater chain, no tower, no satellite pass. Mines, tunnels, submarines, deep water, the far side of a mountain, the far side of a world — one problem today, and the gaser thread is aimed straight at it.

Distance stops being a network parameter. Chapter 8 and the transport and logistics page carry the travel half: inertia cancelled, no reaction mass, and under metric engineering the distance itself is the engineered quantity — so anyone can be anywhere in minutes. A civilisation that moves like that needs a network that does not care where anybody is.

The laboratory gets a vacuum you can experiment on. Volovik's superfluid-vacuum programme, the analogue-gravity literature and Jeff Steinhauer's Hawking-like radiation in a Bose–Einstein condensate mean curved-spacetime physics genuinely emerges in a tank on a bench. Unlimited compute and free cold turn that into an everyday instrument.

Third-order effects and beyond

The planet becomes an instrument. Millions of superconducting magnetometers listening to faults, aquifers, oceans and the ionosphere, plus a channel reaching the ones buried a kilometre down — the largest scientific instrument ever built, costing nothing to run.

The network leaves the Earth with the people. Radio to a craft in flight fights plasma, horizon and distance. A gravitational-wave link fights none of them, and as space and exploration describes, once travel is field-driven the crews go far.

Computing turns on the substrate itself. The deepest claim in this thesis is that the vacuum is what everything else is made of, and Ashton reads the vector potential as our handle on a degree of freedom we do not perceive: "It means there really is an extra dimension. Really means that what we think of as the lowest ground state, it's not actually the lowest" (4 September 2026). He has also called the potential the Rosetta Stone. Hardware that writes and reads phase touches that structure directly. What it becomes is genuinely open, and it is the most interesting question on this page.

Knowledge stops being rented, and privacy stops costing anything. When a serious machine is something you own outright, archives, models and simulations come home — and computation on hardware you own is the strongest privacy guarantee there is. Physics makes both possible; people decide whether they happen, which is what the stewardship section is for.

A day in that world

Nour is nineteen and the array is hers tonight, which she has been waiting three weeks to say.

The workshop is cut into the hillside above the town: one long room, a bench down the middle, the cold columns humming at the far end. Under the microscope is a wafer carrying a hundred and forty junctions in the pattern she has been checking since March. She trims the bias, watches the phase come together on the screen — a hundred and forty separate arguments settling into one — and sits back.

Then she calls her mother, who is under nine hundred metres of Southern Ocean in a survey hull off Kerguelen, and the picture is perfectly steady. Her mother turns the camera to a fissure the colour of a bruise. Nour's grandmother sent letters. Her mother's generation sent submarines a few characters a minute and called it a link. Nour argues about dinner through a kilometre of seawater and thinks nothing of it, which her grandmother finds funniest of all.

At eleven she runs the aquifer model for the valley, forty years of boreholes folded into one afternoon of arithmetic, on a machine that fits under the bench and asks nothing of anyone. The answer is not the one the district wants. She writes it up anyway.

Walking home she stops because something goes over — no sound at all, a shape crossing the stars and a moment where the light around its edge bends the wrong way. She watches it out of sight, then goes in and puts the kettle on.

Numbers that change

The same quantities, side by side

Every line above is one quantity read twice: what it is today, and what it becomes in the world this page assumes. Here they are in two columns, so the pairs can be compared instead of remembered.

Which quantities to show
How many of this page's quantities go to zeroA row of small squares, one for each quantity in the table. The filled squares are the quantities that go to zero in the world this page assumes; the outlined squares are the ones that change in some other way.
  • Goes to zero
  • Changes some other way
The same quantities, side by side
QuantityTodayIn the world this page assumes
What a device costs to runGoes to zeroEvery machine is designed around its battery or its plug.A phone that never charges, and everything downstream of that sentence.
Emitting into the gravitational channelLIGO receives between about 20 hertz and 4 kilohertz, and only from cosmic events.A wafer emits at 24 gigahertz from a fifty-microvolt bias.Strain rises as frequency squared and radiated power as frequency to the fourth, so 1 hertz to 1 gigahertz buys roughly eighteen orders of magnitude in strain, and a coherent array of n emitters adds n squared on top. Those scalings are Stephenson's.
Data rate through water and rockExtremely low frequency links reach a submerged vehicle at a handful of characters a minute, and radio reaches through solid rock essentially not at all.A live conversation, because the channel passes through matter instead of failing at it.
Fabrication resolutionLithography, with everything that implies about masks and yield.0.2 nanometres by phase-controlled deposition, which is atomic assembly. Chase's calculated figure. No sheet in this library carries the figure.
The reservoirAbout ten to the power one hundred and thirteen joules per cubic metre of electromagnetic zero-point energy against a dark-energy density near one nanojoule per cubic metre, on Davis's figures.The same roughly 120-order gap, read as the measure of what is unclaimed, with a chip sitting in it.
This is a consequence table, not a measurement. It assumes the capability stated at the top of this page and follows it out; the physics under that assumption, and how far each link has travelled, is taught in the chapters and courses listed there.

On this ledger: 1 of 5 quantities go to zero. The other 4 change without disappearing, which is the half of this page that is easiest to misread.

What it would take

The first gaser junction measurement. Stephenson names his own open question: the quantum efficiency of a biased Josephson junction as a gravitational-wave emitter. Materials, frequency and bias are specified. One wafer, one bench, one number — and whoever takes it is in the history of this field either way.

The sealed device, measured in public. Chapter 6 names the milestone: a complete closed cycle that is net-positive with drive and measurement counted, published in full, then repeated by a second laboratory. Moddel's resonator, White's cell — around twelve million dollars raised, backed by the Limitless Space Institute — and Chase's tunnelling diode are all running toward it. Sandia National Laboratories is fabricating replacement structures for Chase's cantilever, after the first result turned out to carry deposition stress from the film. A named systematic and a named next measurement is what a live experiment looks like.

Phase locking at scale. Getting thousands of junctions to agree is Kuramoto physics, taught in the phase and coherence course. Terahertz array work in the mainstream literature advances it every year, and every gain lands directly in the emitter.

Superconducting logic at foundry scale. No new physics: process, yield, memory that keeps pace, packaging. If you make chips, the Josephson junction course is where the device physics lives.

Materials. Ashton's answer to why the science is old and the hardware is not: "our material science is simply not at the level right now… But we will" (4 September 2026). Anthony Williams says the same on the record. If you work in materials, you are not adjacent to this field — you are the door.

Stewardship

Publish the emitter physics openly. A channel conventional means cannot block will attract closed development. The field is better served, and safer, if the first measurements are public.

Put the machines where people gather. The hall at the top of this page has readers at warm tables between the cold columns. Build it that way on purpose, while standards and supply chains are still soft enough to shape.

Write the norms for a through-matter channel early. Something that reaches through rock reaches through walls. The people best placed to draft that law are the ones building the emitter, and the moment is before the first working transmitter.

Teach it as it is built. A public that can read a measurement cannot be sold nonsense and will not panic. Both courses on this site were written to be taught in a classroom.

Signals to watch

The first quantum-efficiency number for a junction as an emitter. It decides the communication half of this page, and it is one measurement.

Moddel's next published measurement, White's Casimir cell, Thibado's scaled graphene circuits. Three device programmes, all named in Chapter 6, all with results due.

A coherent matter-beam deposition result. Anything approaching Chase's 0.2-nanometre figure changes how every chip on this page gets made.

The DESI dark-energy releases. Eric Weinstein has an on-record prediction that the cosmological-constant term breaks at five sigma. If evolving dark energy survives, that is a real result in this thesis's favour — and this site said so in advance.

What the numbers on this page rest on