Sources and evidence

An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances

Bayes & Price (1763) · Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 53, 370 · DOI 10.1098/rstl.1763.0053

The origin of Bayes' rule — the arithmetic of updating belief. Public domain.

The Logic of Scientific Discovery

Karl Popper (1959, Eng.) · Routledge

Falsifiability — the 'state your falsifier' rule this book runs on.

Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

John Ioannidis (2005) · PLoS Med. 2(8):e124 (OA)

Prior odds × power × bias: the quantitative backbone of echo-vs-corroboration.

Risk and Scientific Reputation: Lessons from Cold Fusion

Huw Price (2022) · arXiv:2201.03776

Why extraordinary energy claims rightly face a high bar (worked example in Ch. 12).

The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974

Pedlow & Welzenbach, CIA History Staff (1992; declassified 1998/2013) · CIA FOIA reading room

The CIA's own account of how 1950s U-2 flights drove UFO reports while Blue Book explanations concealed the programme — the documented precedent for a cover story (added Sep 2026).

On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates

H. B. G. Casimir (1948) · Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. B51, 793

Origin of the Casimir force F/A = −π²ħc/240a⁴. Public-domain scan in corpus.

Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6–6 μm Range

Steve Lamoreaux (1997) · Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 5

First modern precision measurement — turns theory into measured fact.

Precision measurement of the Casimir force (AFM)

Mohideen & Roy (1998) · Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4549

~1% agreement in a different apparatus and lab — independent corroboration, not echo.

Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum

Robert L. Jaffe (2005) · Phys. Rev. D 72, 021301 · arXiv:hep-th/0503158

The force is derivable without zero-point energy — the key honesty beat vs. 'Casimir proves extractable ZPE.'

The Lightness of Being (“the Grid”)

Frank Wilczek (2008) · Basic Books

Nobel-laureate anchor that a structured vacuum is orthodox QFT, not fringe.

Evidence for vacuum-enhanced superconductivity in NbSe₂

Zheyan Wang, Gabriel Cardoso, Liu Yang et al. · Nature (19 Aug 2026) · DOI 10.1038/s41586-026-11037-x

A terahertz dark cavity that reshapes vacuum fluctuations, with no drive field, raises NbSe₂’s transition temperature along with its critical current and critical field. Peer-reviewed, and stated without a percentage: this is Wang and colleagues’ paper, and the bilayer numbers belong to the separate preprint below (added Sep 2026).

Cavity-enhanced superconductivity in the two-dimensional limit of NbSe2

Hanxiang Zhang, Zexin Feng, I-Te Lu et al. · preprint v2 (19 Aug 2026) · arXiv:2606.19171v2

A separate group, a separate apparatus: a bilayer moving from 3.02 K to 3.41 K in a 0.92 THz resonator. The abstract also states 10%; that percentage does not match the listed endpoints (added Sep 2026).

Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force

Haisch, Rueda & Puthoff (1994) · Phys. Rev. A 49, 678

The seed ZPF-inertia hypothesis (one research line — see echo caveat).

Polarizable-Vacuum (PV) approach to general relativity

Harold Puthoff (2002) · Found. Phys. 32, 927 · arXiv:gr-qc/9909037

Gravity as a variable vacuum refractive index. Downloaded.

Vacuum quantum fluctuations in curved space and the theory of gravitation

Andrei Sakharov (1967) · Sov. Phys. Doklady 12, 1040

Induced/emergent gravity — an independent, canonical anchor.

On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton

Erik Verlinde (2011) · JHEP 04, 029 · arXiv:1001.0785

Emergent-inertia thinking is alive in serious (and heavily debated) theory.

The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity

Miguel Alcubierre (1994) · Class. Quantum Grav. 11, L73 · arXiv:gr-qc/0009013

The canonical warp metric: contract ahead, expand behind; never locally exceed c.

Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel

Morris & Thorne (1988) · Am. J. Phys. 56, 395

Traversable wormholes require null-energy-condition-violating exotic matter.

Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering

Harold Puthoff (2010) · DIA DIRD · JBIS 63, 82 · arXiv:1204.2184

The project's namesake document. Downloaded.

Teleportation Physics Study

Eric W. Davis (2004) · AFRL-PR-ED-TR-2003-0034 · DTIC ADA425545

Corrected DTIC accession (not ADA416108). Air Force warp/wormhole survey.

Introducing physical warp drives

Bobrick & Martire (2021) · Class. Quantum Grav. 38, 105009 · arXiv:2102.06824

Subluminal warp shells from positive energy; superluminal still needs exotic matter.

Generic warp drives violate the null energy condition

Santiago, Schuster & Visser (2021) · arXiv:2105.03079

Strongest current refutation: any moving warp drive breaks the NEC.

The unphysical nature of warp drive

Pfenning & Ford (1997) · Class. Quantum Grav. 14, 1743 · arXiv:gr-qc/9702026

Quantum-inequality bound: astronomical negative energy, sub-atomic bubble wall.

Wave resonance of light and gravitational waves (the Gertsenshtein effect)

M. E. Gertsenshtein (1962) · Sov. Phys. JETP 14, 84

Photon-to-graviton conversion in a magnetic field — the founding paper for gravitational-wave generation with light (added Sep 2026).

Experimental Spacetime Distortion: Generating Gravitational Waves in the Laboratory

Chance M. Glenn (2025) · Eur. J. Eng. Technol. Res. 10(2) · DOI 10.24018/ejeng.2025.10.2.3246

Spark-gap interferometer fringe shifts with published method and controls; a funded torsion-balance thrust test is next. Tracked in the research log (added Sep 2026).

The Possibility of FTL Space Travel by using the Quantum Tunneling Effect through the Light Barrier

Takaaki Musha (2017) · J. Space Exploration 6(1)

Tunnelling through the light barrier by suppressing the zero-point spectrum, built on Puthoff's ZPF model; states its own energy requirements (added Sep 2026).

The Universe in a Helium Droplet

Grigory Volovik (2003) · Oxford UP, Int. Ser. Monogr. Phys. 117

Superfluid vacuum theory; particles and gravity as emergent excitations.

Analogue Gravity

Barceló, Liberati & Visser (2011) · Living Rev. Relativity 14, 3 (OA)

Rigorous review of emergent curved-spacetime physics in fluids and BECs.

Observation of quantum Hawking radiation in an analogue black hole

Jeff Steinhauer (2016) · Nature Physics 12, 959 · arXiv:1510.00621

Lab analogue-gravity in a Bose–Einstein condensate — the empirical anchor.

Logarithmic nonlinearity in theories of quantum gravity: Origin of time and observational consequences

Konstantin Zloshchastiev (2009) · arXiv:0906.4282

The logarithmic-BEC route to superfluid vacuum theory — a second, independent SVT school distinct from Volovik (corroboration, not echo).

Observation of the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit

Wilson et al. (2011) · Nature 479, 376 · arXiv:1105.4714

Real photons generated from the vacuum by a modulated mirror. Definitive.

Quantum Energy Teleportation: an introductory review

Masahiro Hotta (2011) · arXiv:1101.3954

Rigorous vacuum-energy extraction that conserves energy and obeys the 2nd law.

Extraction of Zero-Point Energy from the Vacuum (assessment)

Moddel & Dmitriyeva (2019) · Atoms 7(2), 51 · arXiv:0910.5893

Even-handed: catalogs why most ZPE-extraction schemes fail thermodynamically.

Fifty Years of the Dynamical Casimir Effect

Viktor Dodonov (2020) · Physics 2(1), 67

Independent DCE demonstrations across platforms.

Casimir Inc. — NSF SBIR Phase I and SpaceWERX STTR Phase I awards

Casimir, Inc. (2024; 25 Aug 2026) · SBIR.gov 208315 · NSF 2423233 · casimir.inc press release

Federal feasibility funding — NSF in 2024, US Space Force in 2026 — for a quantum-vacuum 'persistent power' chip (added Sep 2026).

Zero-Point Energy: Capturing Evanescence

Garret Moddel (2022) · J. Sci. Exploration 36(3)

Moddel's account of the Casimir-cavity diode results and how the devices are built; read beside Moddel & Dmitriyeva (2019) above (added Sep 2026).

Craft using an inertial mass reduction device

S. C. Pais / US Navy (2018) · US10144532B2 (appln. US20170313446A1)

The 'UFO patent.' US20170313446A1 is its own application publication — not a separate HFGW patent.

High frequency gravitational wave generator

S. C. Pais / US Navy (2019) · US10322827B2

The actual HFGW patent (Gertsenshtein effect) — the number the seed brief mislabeled.

On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization (Schwinger limit)

Julian Schwinger (1951) · Phys. Rev. 82, 664

The ~1.3×10¹⁸ V/m field to polarize the vacuum — orders above any craft-scale device.

The Sheehy “operability” attestation (FOIA docs)

The War Zone / J. Sheehy · twz.com/37134

The actual evidentiary basis: a CTO attestation + unpublished demo, not peer-reviewed data.

Engineering the zero-point field and polarizable vacuum for interstellar flight

Puthoff, Little & Ibison (2002) · JBIS 55, 137 · arXiv:astro-ph/0107316

Proposed vacuum engineering for space flight. The arXiv record was withdrawn in 2010; its notice says Ibison does not endorse some of the document's speculative proposals.

Estimating flight characteristics of anomalous unidentified aerial vehicles

Knuth, Powell & Reali (2019) · Entropy 21(10), 939 (OA)

Peer-reviewed UAP kinematics — 'if sensor data are taken at face value.'

AARO Historical Record Report, Volume 1

US DoD / AARO (2024) · AARO 2024

Found no evidence of exotic craft or reverse-engineering programs. Deflationary.

Energy conversion using high charge density (EVOs)

Kenneth R. Shoulders (1991) · US5018180A

Primary document for the Exotic Vacuum Object / charge-cluster claims.

A Possible Heuristic Explanation of Exotic Vacuum Objects

Graham K. Hubler (2022) · J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 36, 30 (OA)

Ex-NRL physicist offers a physical mechanism for charge clusters.

Observation of the optical/spectral characteristics of ball lightning

Cen, Yuan & Xue (2014) · Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 035001

First natural ball-lightning spectrum — a mundane chemical/plasma competitor for 'orbs.'

MH370 leaked “orb” and “jet” videos (worked example)

attrib. RegicideAnon · leaked footage — debunked

Skeptical Inquirer (2024) + Metabunk 13104: stock-cloud match, VFX-reproducible.

Force-Free Time-Harmonic Plasmoids

Jack Nachamkin, Phillips Laboratory (1992) · PL-TR-92-3044 · DTIC ADA257765

Air Force theory of self-contained plasma spheres — Maxwell-equation solutions offered as a description of ball lightning and charge clusters (added Sep 2026).

On an expression of the EM field by two scalar potential functions

E. T. Whittaker (1904) · Proc. London Math. Soc. s2-1, 367

Legitimate two-scalar-potential decomposition — the ancestor of Debye potentials.

Significance of EM potentials in quantum theory (Aharonov–Bohm)

Aharonov & Bohm (1959) · Phys. Rev. 115, 485

Potentials have bounded, quantized physical effects where fields vanish.

Motionless Electromagnetic Generator (MEG)

Bearden et al. (2002) · US6362718B1

A permanent magnet inside a closed core with two flux paths; small input coils pulsed alternately steer its flux from one path to the other with nothing turning, and output coils take current from the swings. What would settle its energy accounting: a metered bench run with every input line instrumented, the ledger closed by Poynting's theorem over a complete cycle, and a control run against an unmagnetised core.

A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBCO superconductor

Podkletnov & Nieminen (1992) · Physica C 203, 441

The peer-reviewed origin of the 'weight loss over a spinning superconductor' claim.

Effects of a gravitomagnetic field on pure superconductors

Ning Li & D. Torr (1991) · Phys. Rev. D 43, 457

The 'AC gravity' amplification claim.

Gravity modification by high-temperature superconductors (null replication)

Woods, Cook, Bennett & Lucas (2001) · AIAA 2001-3363

Independent Podkletnov replication — null result.

Anomalous gravitomagnetic-moment measurements (trending null)

Martin Tajmar et al. (2006–2011) · arXiv:gr-qc/0603033 · 0707.3806

Early signal that the proponent's own improved experiments shrank into the noise.

Gravity Probe B: final results (frame-dragging)

Everitt et al. (2011) · Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 221101

The real, tiny gravitomagnetism, matching GR — the yardstick.

Anti-Gravity with Present Technology: Implementation and Theoretical Foundation

Frederick E. Alzofon (1981) · AIAA-81-1608 · DOI 10.2514/6.1981-1608

The nuclear-spin-polarisation gravity-control hypothesis, presented again in 2026 by Falcon Space (added Sep 2026).

Investigation of the Alzofon weight reduction experiment using NMR spectroscopy

Stark, Grafe & Tajmar (2024) · Measurement 237, 115075 · arXiv:2402.15529

The first modern instrumented test of Alzofon's idea; identifies temperature as the variable the next experiment must control (added Sep 2026).

Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (theory)

Pines, Steinetz, Forsley et al. (2020) · Phys. Rev. C 101, 044609

Electron screening + Oppenheimer–Phillips in a metal lattice.

Novel nuclear reactions in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals

Steinetz, Benyo, Chait et al. (2020) · Phys. Rev. C 101, 044610

NASA Glenn's experimental companion — the Strong node.

NASA Glenn Lattice Confinement Fusion white papers

NASA Glenn (2020–2024) · NTRS 20210026340 · 20240013692 · 20205006546

Mechanism, diagnostics, and roadmap. Downloaded from NTRS.

Revisiting the cold case of cold fusion

Berlinguette et al. (2019) · Nature 570, 45

Google-funded program: no excess heat at claimed levels; screening physics worth study.

NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics program overview

Marc Millis (1998) · NASA NTRS 19980201240

NASA officially chartered exactly these questions, 1996–2002.

Frontiers of Propulsion Science

Millis & Davis, eds. (2009) · AIAA Progress in Astronautics 227

The field's sober reference survey volume.

Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (Spacetime Metric) Engineering

Harold Puthoff (2010) · JBIS 63, 82 · arXiv:1204.2184

States the convergence thesis in the corpus's own terms.

DIRD Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra Dimensions

Richard K. Obousy & Eric W. Davis / DIA (2010) · DIA-08-1004-001

One of the 38 Defense Intelligence Reference Documents commissioned under AAWSAP; released in the 2022 tranche.

DIRD Aneutronic Fusion Propulsion

DIA / AAWSAP contractor (2010) · DIA-08-1011-003 (DIRD 30)

The fusion-propulsion entry in the same commissioned series — the paper trail Chapter 18 picks up.

State of the Art and Evolution of High Energy Laser Weapons (the withheld 38th DIRD)

J. Albertine / DIA (c. 2009–10) · Title only — classified; surfaced Jan 2019

Completes the count of 38 commissioned reference documents: 37 released in 2022, this one withheld as classified (added Sep 2026).

NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings

Millis & Williamson, NASA Lewis (1999) · NASA NTRS 19990023204

The workshop record behind the programme overview — the institutional record in its own words.

Prospects for Breakthrough Propulsion From Physics

Marc G. Millis (2004) · NASA/TM-2004-213082 · NTRS 20040070788 · DOI 10.1109/eh.2004.1310847

NASA's own assessment of what the programme had and had not established when it closed.

Measurement of the Casimir Force between Parallel Metallic Surfaces

Bressi, Carugno, Onofrio & Ruoso (2002) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.041804 · arXiv:quant-ph/0203002

The parallel-plate geometry Casimir actually wrote down, measured directly.

The Casimir force between real materials: Experiment and theory

Klimchitskaya, Mohideen & Mostepanenko (2009) · DOI 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1827 · arXiv:0902.4022

The review that sets what counts as agreement between a Casimir measurement and a Casimir calculation.

Measured long-range repulsive Casimir–Lifshitz forces

Munday, Capasso & Parsegian (2009) · DOI 10.1038/nature07610

The force can be made to push instead of pull — the result the engineering thread in Chapter 15 is built on.

Quantum Mechanical Actuation of Microelectromechanical Systems by the Casimir Force

Chan, Aksyuk, Kleiman, Bishop & Capasso (2001) · DOI 10.1126/science.1057984

Vacuum force doing mechanical work in a real device — the earliest Casimir-driven MEMS.

Casimir Force Control Enabled by 3D Nanostructures

Shelden, Spreng, Garrett, Rahman, Kim & Munday (2025) · DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c01101

Geometry as the control knob: the current state of shaping the force rather than merely measuring it.

Worldline numerics applied to custom Casimir geometry generates unanticipated intersection with Alcubierre warp metric

White, Vera, Han, Bruccoleri & MacArthur (2021) · DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09484-z

The numerical result that links Casimir geometry to the warp literature — a calculation, labelled as one.

The cosmological constant problem

Steven Weinberg (1989) · DOI 10.1103/RevModPhys.61.1

The canonical statement of the mismatch between vacuum energy as computed and as observed.

Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant

Riess, Filippenko, Challis et al. (1998) · DOI 10.1086/300499 · arXiv:astro-ph/9805201

The measurement that put a number on the vacuum at cosmic scale.

The Cosmological Constant

Sean M. Carroll (2001) · DOI 10.12942/lrr-2001-1 · arXiv:astro-ph/0004075

The standard open-access review a reader can check every later claim against.

DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints

DESI Collaboration (2025) · arXiv:2503.14738 · DOI 10.1103/tr6y-kpc6

The survey data behind the evolving-dark-energy discussion, from the collaboration itself.

How the huge energy of quantum vacuum gravitates to drive the slow accelerating expansion of the Universe

Wang, Zhu & Unruh (2017) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevD.95.103504 · arXiv:1703.00543

One serious attempt to let the large vacuum energy stand and still get the small observed acceleration.

Casimir cosmology

Ulf Leonhardt (2022) · DOI 10.1142/S0217751X22410068 · arXiv:2202.03862

Applies the Casimir-force machinery to the cosmological constant — the bridge between Chapters 15 and 16.

Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition

Morris, Thorne & Yurtsever (1988) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446

The companion letter that states the energy-condition price of a traversable wormhole.

Restrictions on negative energy density in flat spacetime

Ford & Roman (1997) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevD.55.2082 · arXiv:gr-qc/9607003

The quantum inequality: how much negative energy, for how long, quantum field theory allows.

Energy conditions in general relativity and quantum field theory

Kontou & Sanders (2020) · DOI 10.1088/1361-6382/ab8fcf · arXiv:2003.01815

The modern review of which energy conditions survive quantum field theory, and in what form.

Superluminal Travel Requires Negative Energies

Ken D. Olum (1998) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3567 · arXiv:gr-qc/9805003

A general theorem rather than a statement about one metric — the strongest form of the constraint.

Traversable wormholes in four dimensions

Maldacena, Milekhin & Popov (2018) · arXiv:1807.04726 · DOI 10.1088/1361-6382/acde30

A traversable solution built from a known quantum effect rather than assumed exotic matter.

Experimental Concepts for Generating Negative Energy in the Laboratory

Davis & Puthoff (2006) · DOI 10.1063/1.2169321

The proposal side of the ledger: what a bench attempt at negative energy would even look like.

Sustained Neutron Production from a Sheared-Flow Stabilized Z Pinch

Zhang, Shumlak, Nelson, Golingo et al. (2019) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.135001 · arXiv:1806.05894

The peer-reviewed result behind the sheared-flow pinch line of machines.

Experimental Demonstration of Fusion-Relevant Conditions in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion

Gomez, Slutz, Sefkow, Sinars et al. (2014) · DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.155003 · Sandia SAND2014-4519J

Sandia's magnetised-liner route, with the laboratory report number attached.

Focus Fusion: Overview of Progress Towards p-B11 Fusion with the Dense Plasma Focus

Lerner, Hassan, Karamitsos-Zivkovic & Fritsch (2023) · DOI 10.1007/s10894-023-00345-z

LPPFusion's programme overview in the Journal of Fusion Energy.

Preparations for pB11 tests in the FF-2B dense plasma focus

Lerner & Hassan (2024) · DOI 10.3389/fphy.2024.1438880

The dated plan for the aneutronic test itself, in Frontiers in Physics — the companion to the 2023 overview above.

First measurements of p11B fusion in a magnetically confined plasma

Magee, Ogawa, Tajima et al. (2023) · DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-36655-1

Proton–boron fusion observed in a confined plasma — the reaction, not yet the power balance.

Electric discharge device for producing interactions between nuclei

Philo T. Farnsworth / ITT (1966) · US3258402A

The fusor patent at the root of the inertial-electrostatic confinement family.

The Plasma Compression Fusion Device—Enabling Nuclear Fusion Ignition

Salvatore Cezar Pais (2019) · DOI 10.1109/TPS.2019.2942997

Published in a peer-reviewed plasma journal and read here as a proposal: no device, no data.