Energy and force from the vacuum

Helfer sharpens exactly where the standard argument against exotic matter has holes, which is the honest place to look for a way through.

• Journal
• arXiv

• On Quantum Inequalities (1996) — An early challenge to how far the quantum inequalities can really be pushed.
• Spatially Averaged Quantum Inequalities Do Not Exist in Four-Dimensional Spacetime (2002) — With Ford and Roman, shows one natural form of the negative-energy bound simply fails, which is a real gap in the no-go case.

Energy from the vacuumThe metric, warp drives and wormholes

He runs the conference where vacuum-fluctuation propulsion gets discussed by people who have to build the hardware, which is a very different conversation from the one held on paper.

• Company

• SBIR Phase I: Fluctuation Flow Propulsion (2024) — Principal investigator on the federally funded attempt to get thrust from vacuum fluctuations acting on asymmetric nanostructures.

Energy from the vacuum

She has spent decades actually visiting and interviewing the independent researchers in this field, so her archive preserves names and attempts that appear in no journal.

• Website

• The Coming Energy Revolution (1996) — Her survey of independent energy researchers, listed on her own site.
• Hidden Energy (2019) — A co-authored update to the same beat, decades later.
• Aether or… (Substack) (2025) — Her current newsletter, launched March 2025; the subscriber count was not shown on any page opened on 2026-09-04.

Energy from the vacuum

Sanders co-wrote the single best map of which energy rules are theorems and which are only assumptions.

• ORCID0000-0001-8490-5568

• Energy conditions in general relativity and quantum field theory (2020) — Co-author of the review that catalogues every energy condition and its current status.

Energy from the vacuumThe metric, warp drives and wormholes

The publisher-of-record for this whole field: if a propulsion or vacuum-energy paper exists in book form, Valone probably printed it or presented it.

• Company
• Scholar
• YouTube@iri-integrityresearchinsti5050· 1.2K subscribers

• Zero Point Energy: The Fuel of the Future (2007) — The general-reader entry point to vacuum-energy conversion claims and their engineering status.
• Practical Conversion of Zero-Point Energy (2005) — Surveys proposed conversion routes and the thermodynamic objections to each.
• Faster Than Light: Warp Drive and Quantum Vacuum Power (publisher/editor) (2019) — Brought H. David Froning's field-propulsion work into print in one volume.

Energy from the vacuumScalar waves and the field behind the fieldsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

He has run the longest-lived newsletter and conference series aimed squarely at zero-point energy, which makes his archive a useful map of who has been working on it and when.

• Company

• Integrity Research Institute publication catalogue and Future Energy eNews (2026) — The institute's standing outputs; Zero Point Energy Utilization is one of its named research areas.

Energy from the vacuum

A second federally funded company in the same narrow field, which tells a reader that Casimir, Inc. is not a one-off.

• Link

• SBIR Phase I: Quantum Propulsion (2023) — $275,000 from 1 October 2023, PI Ankur Bhatt; surfaced by an NSF award search on vacuum fluctuations.

Energy from the vacuum

If you want to see the independent-research side of this field in one place, its newsletter and conference proceedings are the front door.

• Company
• YouTube@iri-integrityresearchinsti5050· 1.2K subscribers

• Conference on Future Energy (COFE) series (2026) — A recurring meeting where zero-point energy, electrogravitics and low-energy nuclear reactions are presented together.
• Conference on Future Energy (COFE) proceedings (2023) — The recurring meeting where propulsion and vacuum-energy experimenters present to each other.
• Zero-Point Energy Utilization programme page (2005) — The institute's own feasibility survey of ZPE conversion routes.

Energy from the vacuumScalar waves and the field behind the fieldsInertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

The corporate vehicle behind the best-known vacuum-energy patent, and a reminder to check the assignment record rather than the press release.

• Link

• Quantum vacuum energy extraction (2008) — The Google Patents record names the original assignee as 'JOVIAN Corp' with the current assignee being the Regents of the University of Colorado; the company is usually written 'Jovion' in the literature, and this spelling discrepancy is unresolved.

Energy from the vacuum

Tingley did the document work, so a reader can start from records rather than from anyone's summary of them.

• Link

• The Secretive Inventor Of The Navy's Bizarre 'UFO Patents' Finally Talks (2020) — The only substantial on-record interview with Pais.
• Emails Show Navy's 'UFO' Patents Went Through Significant Internal Review, Resulted In A Demo (2020) — Establishes that the Navy actually reviewed and demonstrated something internally.
• Navy 'UFO Patent' Documents Talk Of 'Spacetime Modification Weapon,' Detail Experimental Testing (2021) — The released testing documents in the Navy's own words.

The Pais effectThe evidence ladder

Sheehy is the named official who told the patent office this was real, which is why the Pais story is a documents story rather than a rumour.

• Link

• Navy's Advanced Aerospace Tech Boss Claims Key 'UFO' Patent Is Operable (2019) — The reporting that made Sheehy's assertion of operability public.

The Pais effect

Whatever you conclude about them, these patents are the clearest public statement of a working hypothesis that vacuum polarisation, high-frequency gravitational waves and inertia are one engineering problem.

• Craft using an inertial mass reduction device (2018) — Granted 2018-12-04, assignee US Department of Navy: a vibrating, electrically charged resonant cavity said to reduce inertial mass by polarising the vacuum.
• High frequency gravitational wave generator (2019) — Granted 2019-06-18, assignee US Department of Navy: the patent that ties this programme directly to high-frequency gravitational-wave physics.
• Electromagnetic field generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field (2018) — Granted 2018-11-20: the spinning, accelerating charged-shell device the other patents build on.

The Pais effectInertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe metric, warp drives and wormholesGravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Rogoway's outlet is where the primary documents in this story were first published, which makes it a source rather than a commentary.

• Link

• Docs Show Navy Got 'UFO' Patent Granted By Warning Of Similar Chinese Tech Advances (2019) — Shows the argument the Navy actually used to get the patent through.
• Scientist Behind The Navy's 'UFO Patents' Has Now Filed One For A Compact Fusion Reactor (2019) — Connects the metric-engineering patents to the fusion patent in the same family.

The Pais effectThe evidence ladder

A national navy putting its name on spacetime-modification patents is the strongest single sign that this physics is being taken seriously somewhere with a budget.

• Link

• Craft using an inertial mass reduction device (assignee record) (2018) — The patent page lists US Department of Navy as both original and current assignee, priority date 2016-04-28.
• Navy 'UFO Patent' Documents Talk Of 'Spacetime Modification Weapon,' Detail Experimental Testing (2021) — Released documents describing the internal experimental programme behind the patents.

The Pais effectInertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

The patents say what the press releases will not: exactly what geometry and voltages the claimed thrust is supposed to come from.

• Company

• System and Method for Generating Forces Using Asymmetrical Electrostatic Pressure (2022) — The issued patent behind the Exodus Effect claim - the one document that states the mechanism precisely enough to test.
• System and Method for Generating Forces Using Asymmetrical Electrostatic Pressure (continuation) (2024) — The most recent published application in the family.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

A career electrostatics specialist arguing electric fields alone can shift a centre of mass - worth following precisely because he knows the conventional explanations.

• Company

• The Discovery of Propellantless Propulsion (2024) — The talk that put the Exodus Effect into public circulation.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

Demonstrates that a serious plasma physicist will engage with the exotic end when asked properly - his fusion-propulsion work belongs to the plasma chapter.

• Negative Mass Propulsion (DIRD #37) (2010) — A conventionally credentialed physicist setting out what negative mass would require to be usable.
• Quarks, magnetic monopoles and negative mass (1975) — Shows the negative-mass thread in his work goes back decades, not to the UAP era.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftLattice confinement fusion

A working aerospace-corporation engineer publishing a coherent alternative picture of spacetime - useful for readers who want structure rather than slogans.

• A Novel View of Spacetime Permitting Faster-Than-Light Travel (2004) — The three-tier spacetime model that several later propulsion proposals build on.
• Unlabored system motion by specially conditioned electromagnetic fields in higher dimensional realms (2010) — With Froning and Robertson; the field-conditioning idea taken into higher-dimensional geometry.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe metric, warp drives and wormholesThe unified picture

Represents the hands-on end of this field: people who build the apparatus and report what the meter said.

• Website

• APEC session presentations (2026) — Practical replication work presented to the APEC community.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftGravity control and superconductors

Insists on measurement and uncertainty where this subject usually offers anecdote - the right model for reading any propulsion claim.

• Institution

• Estimating Flight Characteristics of Anomalous Unidentified Aerial Vehicles (2019) — With Powell and Reali; puts error bars on the acceleration and power figures instead of quoting them loosely.
• The new science of Unidentified Aerospace-Undersea Phenomena (UAP) (2025) — A 34-author review in a mainstream aerospace journal - the field's arrival in the ordinary literature.
• The Flight Characteristics and Physics of UAP (2021) — The propulsion-relevant version of the argument: what a craft doing this would have to be doing to inertia.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe evidence ladderThe Pais effect

A professional electric-propulsion metrologist who agreed to test an unorthodox device carefully and publish exactly what the balance did.

• Company

• Experimental Results of the Woodward Effect on a µN Thrust Balance (2014) — An independent vacuum test of a device Woodward supplied - a similar force signature an order of magnitude smaller.
• Test of Woodward's MET at the FOTEC (2016) — Presented at the Estes Park Breakthrough Propulsion Workshop.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

The bench engineer of the Mach-effect line - he has posted more real torsion-balance data in public than almost anyone in this directory.

• Website

• Anomalous Thrust Production from an RF Test Device Measured on a Low-Thrust Torsion Pendulum (2014) — Co-author of the NASA Eagleworks measurement.
• The Woodward Effect (STAIF) (2006) — With Andrew Palfreyman; an engineer's route into Mach-effect thrust for people who build rather than derive.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Whatever the verdict, the EmDrive is why precision thrust balances got built - it forced the field to learn how to measure micronewtons honestly.

• Company

• EmDrive: Advances in Spacecraft Thrusters and Propulsion Systems (2023) — The full account of the tapered-cavity design, the flight thruster and the superconducting version, in his own words.
• A Theory of Microwave Propulsion for Spacecraft (2006) — The founding technical paper, still the reference every replication attempt is measured against.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

The field's interviewer of record - the fastest way to hear a researcher explain their own work in their own words.

• Website
• Substack
• Website
• Website

• Alt Propulsion interview archive (2026) — Sustained, sympathetic but technical interviews with nearly everyone in this directory.
• American Antigravity (2003-present) (2003) — The original archive of lifter, Biefeld-Brown and field-propulsion interviews, now folded into Alt Propulsion.
• APEC 1/17: Quantum Vacuum Engineering, LENR, & the FlameJet Generator (2026) — Session page listing the speakers on vacuum engineering and LENR.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftGravity control and superconductorsThe metric, warp drives and wormholesThe unified picture

The most concrete current claim that asymmetric electrostatic pressure alone can move a mass - a claim that will be settled by an orbital test, not an argument.

• Company

• The Discovery of Propellantless Propulsion: The Direct Conversion of Electrical Energy into Physical Thrust (2024) — The APEC presentation in which Buhler stated the team had exceeded one Earth gravity with no propellant.
• T-Blade Thruster prototype programme (2026) — The current hardware line, described as showing stable repeatable operation in vacuum.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

A friendly, technically literate meeting where breakthrough-propulsion proposals get a hearing alongside conventional interstellar concepts.

• Company

• Interstellar Symposium proceedings (2026) — The recorded programme is a good survey of who is currently taken seriously in propulsion physics.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

The first company to put a vacuum-interaction thruster on a real rocket, which is how a physics claim becomes an engineering question.

• Company

• IVO Quantum Drive - pure electric satellite thruster (2023) — The first propellantless drive built on quantised inertia to reach a launch manifest.
• Barry-1 orbital demonstration (with Rogue Space Systems) (2023) — The flight ended without a drive test when the host satellite's power system failed - the honest state of the evidence.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

Shows what independent replication actually looks like week to week - the antidote to reading only finished papers.

• YouTube@FalconSpace· 3.25K subscribers
• Website

• Falcon Space replication test series (2026) — Open-lab replications of propulsion claims, including dynamic nuclear polarisation experiments, filmed with the failures left in.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftGravity control and superconductors

A rare case of a national space agency funding this question directly - and publishing results that others could then refute or confirm.

• Eagleworks Laboratories: Advanced Propulsion Physics Research (2011) — The founding prospectus for testing vacuum-interaction propulsion inside NASA.
• Anomalous Thrust Production from an RF Test Device (2014) — The measurement that put this whole subject into mainstream aerospace conversation.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftWhat the vacuum is

Shows what it actually takes to fly an unorthodox propulsion test, and what happens when the bus fails before the experiment starts.

• Company

• Barry-1 mission (SpaceX Transporter-9) (2023) — The host spacecraft for the first attempted orbital test of a quantised-inertia thruster.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

A Skunk-Works-trained engineer chasing thrust from asymmetric potentials in semiconductor devices - the most hardware-literate version of this idea.

• Company

• Systems and Methods for Generating Coherent Matterwave Beams (2016) — With Moe Arman; a laser-analogue for massive particles, filed while both were at Lockheed Martin.
• Advanced Propulsion and Energy IV (2022) proceedings (2022) — The lab's own workshop record on resonant-tunnelling-diode and vacuum-fluctuation propulsion.

Inertial mass reduction and transmedium craftWhat the vacuum is