Anomalies, craft, and the energy substrate

Keul solved the hardest evidence problem in this subject: how to treat thousands of eyewitness accounts as data without either dismissing or swallowing them.

• Journal

• A brief history of ball lightning observations by scientists and trained professionals (2021) — The observational record assembled from people trained to observe.
• Assessment of ball lightning cases by correlated LLS data (2018) — Checks reports against instruments rather than against each other.
• The Ball Lightning Controversy: Empirical Case Studies (2012) — How to handle eyewitness evidence honestly.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsThe evidence ladder

Nikitin has built the most complete single model of ball lightning and keeps publishing tests of it in the open.

• Journal

• Electrodynamic model of ball lightning (2024) — His current statement of the mechanism - charge separation held by its own electromagnetic field.
• Verification of validity of the electrodynamic model of ball lightning (2024) — Where he checks the model against the observational record.
• Ball Lightning: A New Step in Understanding (2014) — The review chapter with Bychkov.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Greenyer is the one person publishing continuously on the thread that links Ken Shoulders' charge clusters, Matsumoto's micro-ball-lightning traces and modern LENR samples.

• YouTube@MFMP· 15.6K subscribers
• Substack
• Website
• X@quantumheat

• MFMP video series on exotic vacuum objects and strange radiation (2026) — Greenyer's running attempt to connect Ken Shoulders' charge clusters to the marks found on LENR samples.
• Bob Greenyer on Substack (2026) — His new written channel, launched August 2026, for the longer arguments.
• MFMP experiment archive and replication threads (2026) — The underlying experimental record his videos work from.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Lerner is the clearest living voice on the plasmoid as a working fusion device rather than a curiosity, and he publishes his numbers as he gets them.

• Company
• Website

• Focus Fusion: Overview of Progress Towards p-B11 Fusion with the Dense Plasma Focus (2023) — Lerner's own summary of the FF-2B record: >200 keV confined ion energies and an nTtau of 3.4x10^20 keV-s/m3 from a device the size of a desk.
• Preparations for pB11 tests in the FF-2B dense plasma focus (2024) — Sets out the decaborane fuelling and the secondary-reaction diagnostics that make a hydrogen-boron shot measurable.
• Fusion reactions from >150 keV ions in a dense plasma focus plasmoid (2012) — The measurement that put plasmoid-confined ions at fusion-relevant energies in a small device; listed on LPPFusion's own papers page (Physics of Plasmas 19, 032704).

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusionThe unified picture

Hubler takes the charge-cluster claim seriously enough to write down a mechanism that can be argued with.

• Journal

• A Possible Heuristic Explanation of Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs, Charge Clusters) (2022) — The first serious published attempt to give Shoulders' charge clusters a physical mechanism.
• Anomalous effects in hydrogen-charged palladium - a review (2007) — A mainstream materials-science review of the underlying anomalies.
• Microscopic Insights into the Anomalous Heat Effect that Unify Disparate Experimental Results (2024) — His attempt to bring the scattered results under one description.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The book to hand someone who has just heard about ball lightning and wants to know what is actually known.

• Link

• Ball Lightning: A Popular Guide to a Longstanding Mystery (2019) — The most readable current introduction, written for people who want the state of play without the folklore.
• Open Library record for Ball Lightning (Boerner) (2019) — Catalogue entry with editions.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Named in the force-free plasmoid literature and worth tracking down, but nothing verifiable was found in the open indexes, so treat this entry as a lead rather than a source.

• Force-free plasmoid generation work (record not located) (1990) — Listed so a later researcher can pick up the trail; the citation could not be confirmed from the sources available.
• Crossref author query returning no matching plasmoid work (2026) — Evidence of what was checked and what came back.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Chittenden supplies the simulations that let you tell a real pinch structure from an artefact of the diagnostics.

• Institution
• Journal

• Equilibrium flow structures and scaling of implosion trajectories in wire array Z pinches (2004) — The modelling that explains the flow structures MAGPIE photographs.
• Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array Z pinches (2001) — Co-author on the foundational discrete-wire result.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Lowke sharpens the decisive question: does the ball carry its own energy, or is it being fed from outside the whole time.

• Journal

• A theory of ball lightning as an electric discharge (1996) — The externally driven alternative to any self-contained energy source.
• Toward a theory of ball lightning occurring in houses and aircraft (2021) — Applies the model to the indoor sightings that are hardest to explain.
• Toward a theory of ball lightning (1969) — The early paper with Uman that set the terms of the debate.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsThe evidence ladder

Stephan is doing the unglamorous work of turning sightings into data you can test a model against.

• Journal

• Modeling the Neuruppin ball lightning incident (2023) — Reconstructs one well-documented event in enough detail to test models against.
• First comparisons of ball-lightning report website data with lightning-location-network data (2022) — Checks eyewitness reports against instrument records - a real evidence-method contribution.
• Electrostatic charge bounds for ball lightning models (2008) — Sets the physical limits any charge-based model has to respect.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsThe evidence ladder

Shoulders claimed that electrons can bind into dense, long-lived clusters, and left patents detailed enough that people are still trying to reproduce them.

• Link
• Link

• Method and apparatus for production of high electrical charge density entities (US 5,018,180) (1991) — The patent describing how to make and extract energy from high charge-density entities - the founding document of the EVO idea.
• Kenneth R. Shoulders patent family (1991) — The full set of his filings, which is the most reliable public record of what he actually built.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsEnergy from the vacuum

Soto's work is the best evidence that the plasma focus scales down as well as up, which is what makes it interesting for small labs.

• ORCID
• Link

• Pinch evidence in a fast and small plasma focus of only tens of joules (2004) — Showed the pinch survives all the way down to a tabletop energy scale.
• Modelling of the internal dynamics and density in a tens of joules plasma focus device (2012) — Connects the miniature device's measured density to the standard DPF dynamics.
• Dynamics and Density Measurements in a Small Plasma Focus of Tens-of-Joules-Emitting Neutrons (2011) — Neutron emission from a device you could carry, with the diagnostics to back it.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Stenhoff sharpens the question of what the evidence really supports, which makes every later claim easier to weigh.

• Link

• Ball Lightning: An Unsolved Problem in Atmospheric Physics (1999) — The book that separates what is actually documented from what is repeated, and does it fairly.
• Open Library record for Ball Lightning (1999) — Catalogue entry with editions and availability.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsThe evidence ladder

Gomez runs the shots that decide whether the magnetized-liner idea works, on the biggest pulsed-power machine there is.

• Institution
• Journal

• Experimental Demonstration of Fusion-Relevant Conditions in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (2014) — The experiment that turned the MagLIF proposal into a measured result.
• High-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion (2012) — The design paper his experiments tested.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Dvornikov works the hardest question in the subject - what could possibly hold a ball of plasma together for seconds - with real quantum mechanics.

• Journal

• Formation of bound states of electrons in spherically symmetric oscillations of plasma (2010) — Proposes a quantum mechanism by which a plasma ball could hold itself together.
• Quantum exchange interaction of spherically symmetric plasmoids (2012) — Extends the model and connects it to observed ball lightning lifetimes.
• Axially and spherically symmetric solitons in warm plasma (2011) — The soliton picture, which is the closest thing to a stable-object description.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Shmatov insists the model has to predict what instruments would see, which is exactly the discipline this subject needs.

• Journal

• Possible detection of high-energy photons from ball lightning (2019) — Turns his model into a specific, checkable prediction about gamma emission.
• Expected spectrum of high-energy photons from ball lightning (2005) — The earlier version of the same prediction.
• New model and estimation of the danger of ball lightning (2003) — Where the energy-content question is confronted directly.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Childs designed an experiment specifically to see whether a plasma will organise itself into shells and layers, and then showed everyone the footage.

• Website
• Company

• SAFIRE Project presentations by Montgomery Childs (2026) — Childs walking through the reactor design and the phase results in his own words.
• SAFIRE Project phase reports (2026) — The experimental sequence he designed and ran.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Bellan makes plasma self-organisation happen on a table and films it, which is the best possible teaching material for this chapter.

• Journal

• Magnetic Helicity, Spheromaks, Solar Corona Loops, and Astrophysical Jets (2017) — The textbook on why plasmas organise themselves the way they do.
• Generation of laboratory nanoflares from multiple braided plasma loops (2023) — Reproduces solar-scale physics on a bench, with the braiding visible.
• Magnetically Driven Flows in Arched Plasma Structures (2012) — Shows how the arch shape drives its own flow.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Magee builds the detectors that decide whether an aneutronic fusion claim is real, and then publishes what they read.

• Journal
• Company

• First measurements of p11B fusion in a magnetically confined plasma (2023) — The measurement that made aneutronic fusion in a magnetic device a matter of data.
• Direct observation of ion acceleration from a beam-driven wave in a magnetic fusion experiment (2019) — Shows waves accelerating ions inside the plasma, which is how the fuel gets hot enough.
• Fusion proton diagnostic for the C-2 field reversed configuration (2014) — The instrument work that makes the later claims measurable.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Cohen has spent a career on the question this site keeps returning to: can a plasma that organises itself be heated without tearing it apart.

• Company

• Ion and electron acceleration in the field-reversed configuration with an odd-parity rotating magnetic field (2002) — The heating scheme that makes a small, clean FRC thinkable.
• The Princeton Field-Reversed Configuration for Compact Nuclear Fusion Power Plants (2023) — Co-authored statement of what the PFRC could become.
• FESAC Decadal Study: Clean, multi-purpose fusion power from small field-reversed configuration reactors (2024) — Cohen making the case for small FRCs inside the US fusion advisory process.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Lebedev's imaging turned the Z-pinch from a black box into something you can watch organise itself.

• Institution
• Journal

• Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array Z pinches (2001) — Showed the array behaves as many interacting plasma jets, not a uniform shell.
• Implosion dynamics of wire array Z-pinches: experiments at Imperial College (2004) — A readable survey of the MAGPIE programme.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Lee gives away the simulation tool and the teaching materials that let anyone with a laptop model a plasma focus properly.

• Website
• Scholar

• Numerical Experiments Providing New Insights into Plasma Focus Fusion Devices (2010) — The open-access primer on how the Lee model turns a plasma focus into something you can compute.
• Plasma Focus Radiative Model: Review of the Lee Model Code (2014) — The reference description of the code that most of the world's DPF groups calibrate against.
• Numerical experiments on plasma focus pinch current limitation (2008) — Where the neutron-saturation puzzle gets a quantitative explanation.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Saw keeps the plasma focus teaching network running, which is why the field still has new experimentalists coming into it.

• Website

• Numerical Experiments Providing New Insights into Plasma Focus Fusion Devices (2010) — Co-author of the open-access introduction to plasma focus numerical experiments.
• The Plasma Focus - Numerical Experiments, Insights and Applications (2017) — Co-author of the overview chapter used as a course text.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Slutz showed that pre-magnetising the fuel changes the whole economics of a pinch, which is the idea several private companies are now building on.

• Institution
• Journal

• High-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion (2012) — The proposal that reorganised the Z Machine's fusion programme around magnetized liners.
• Experimental Demonstration of Fusion-Relevant Conditions in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (2014) — Co-author on the experimental confirmation.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The working experimentalist behind LPPFusion's boron campaign, for readers who want the measurement detail rather than the summary.

• Company

• Preparations for pB11 tests in the FF-2B dense plasma focus (2024) — Co-author on the decaborane fuelling and diagnostics paper.
• Focus Fusion: Overview of Progress Towards p-B11 Fusion with the Dense Plasma Focus (2023) — Co-author on LPPFusion's headline results paper.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Matsumoto is the original link between cold fusion experiments and small, self-organised luminous objects - the thread modern EVO researchers are still pulling.

• Journal

• 'Nattoh' Model for Cold Fusion (1989) — The model that first linked chained hydrogen structures to anomalous nuclear events.
• Micro ball lightning obtained during underwater spark discharges, compared with natural ball lightning (2001) — Where he connects his laboratory objects to the atmospheric phenomenon.
• Transport and collapse of micro ball lightning (2000) — His account of how these objects move and end.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Jarboe's spheromak work is the mainstream, well-funded version of the same idea the plasmoid people are chasing.

• Journal

• The spheromak confinement device (2005) — The reference review of the self-organised plasma torus.
• Imposed-dynamo current drive (2012) — How to sustain a self-organised plasma without a central magnet stack.
• The dynomak: an advanced spheromak reactor concept (2014) — The reactor design that follows from it.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

One of the few physicists equally at home in laser acceleration and confinement fusion, which is exactly the crossover this site cares about.

• Institution
• Website

• First measurements of p11B fusion in a magnetically confined plasma (2023) — Co-author on the proton-boron measurement; ties his acceleration work to the aneutronic fuel cycle.
• UCI faculty page and publication list (2026) — His own index, which spans laser wakefield acceleration and fusion.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Shumlak took a configuration the textbooks call hopelessly unstable and made it hold, by adding one ingredient and measuring carefully.

• Institution
• Website
• Website
• Scholar

• Sustained Neutron Production from a Sheared-Flow Stabilized Z Pinch (2019) — The headline demonstration that flow shear can hold a pinch long enough to matter.
• The Sheared-Flow-Stabilized Z-Pinch Approach to Fusion Energy (2023) — A compact statement of the whole approach for a plasma-science audience.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Gribkov has studied the plasma focus longer than almost anyone and treats its hot spots as physics to be measured, not marketing.

• Journal

• Physical processes taking place in dense plasma focus devices at the interaction of hot plasma and fast ion streams with materials (2015) — The reference account of what a plasma focus actually does to a surface.
• Plasma and beams dynamics in PF-1000 device under the full-scale energy storage (2006) — Results from one of the largest plasma focus machines ever built.
• Application of the relativistic electron beams originating in the discharges of plasma focus type (1976) — Early work on the beams the pinch generates, which is where the plasmoid physics shows itself.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Bychkov keeps the field's literature organised, which is why a newcomer can find out what has already been observed instead of starting over.

• Journal

• Ball Lightning Investigations (2010) — A survey of the observational record and the competing models.
• Ball Lightning: A New Step in Understanding (2014) — With Nikitin, the update on what the 2014 spectrum changed.
• Long-Lived Luminous Formations (LLO), Ball Lightning (BL), and Their Researches (2022) — His most recent overview of the whole class of phenomena.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Every modern use of the word plasmoid traces back to these papers, and they are still the clearest description of what a self-confined plasma actually looks like.

• Journal

• Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field (1956) — The paper in which the plasmoid is defined and photographed.
• Experimental Demonstration in the Laboratory of the Existence of Magneto-Hydrodynamic Waves (1952) — Early laboratory magnetohydrodynamics from the same programme.
• Observations of Explosions of High-Speed Plasma in a Magnetic Field (1958) — Where he pushes the laboratory results out to astrophysical scales.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Their knot picture is the most elegant answer to why a self-organised plasma should hold its shape at all.

• Journal

• Ball lightning as a free-force magnetic knot with linked streamers (1999) — Brings knot topology to bear on why a plasma structure might be stable.
• Electromagnetic knot theory applied to ball lightning (1999) — The conference record of the same argument.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

Where the SAFIRE plasma results are being turned into a device, which is the point at which claims get tested by customers.

• Company
• Company

• Aureon Energy science and video pages (2026) — The company's own account of the reactor and what it claims to do.
• SAFIRE Project historical archive (2026) — The experimental record Aureon was built on.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The best-funded dense plasma focus effort in the world right now, and the reason a 52-year-old DPF neutron record finally moved.

• Company
• X@FuseEnergyTech
• YouTube
• LinkedIn
• Website

• Fuse Touts 'Highest' Neutron Yield by Any Fusion Company (2026) — Trade-press account of the FX shot the plasma focus community is now measuring itself against.
• FX final paper (Faeton-X plasma focus results) (2026) — The technical write-up behind the 1.8x10^12 D-D neutron claim at 4.5 MA.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The only serious attempt to compress a self-organised plasmoid with pistons and molten metal, which makes the physics unusually visible.

• Company
• Website
• Link

• General Fusion achieves compressional plasma heating with LM26 magnetized target fusion machine (2026) — The milestone that shows a mechanically driven liner really does heat a magnetized plasmoid.
• General Fusion research library (2026) — Their published papers, which are the way into magnetized target fusion literature.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

They made something ball-lightning-like on a bench, which is the only way this subject gets a repeatable experiment.

• Journal

• Production of Ball-Lightning-Like Luminous Balls by Electrical Discharges in Silicon (2007) — The best laboratory analogue anyone has made, and it matches the soil-element spectrum measured in 2014.
• Energy density calculations for ball-lightning-like luminous silicon balls (2010) — Works out how much energy these objects actually hold.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

The most aggressive attempt to skip the heat engine entirely and pull electricity straight out of an expanding plasmoid.

• Company
• X@helion_energy
• YouTube
• LinkedIn
• Link

• Helion technology explainer (Polaris and Orion machines) (2026) — The clearest company statement of the merge-and-compress FRC cycle and why they skip a steam turbine.
• Helion Awards Funding to 20 Research Institutions to Accelerate Scaled Fusion Deployment (2026) — The HERCULES programme, which is how Helion's approach reaches the open literature.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The friendliest on-ramp anywhere into dense plasma focus physics, built so small and emerging-economy labs can join in.

• Website

• Lee Model Code downloads and description (2026) — The free code, machine parameters and worked numerical experiments in one place.
• Numerical Experiments Workshop on Plasma Focus (NEWPF) (2022) — An internet-based workshop series that trains new groups in DPF modelling at no cost.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

One accidental measurement moved ball lightning from anecdote to data, and this is it.

• Journal

• Observation of the Optical and Spectral Characteristics of Ball Lightning (2014) — The only spectrum of a natural ball lightning ever recorded, showing silicon, iron and calcium lines from the soil.
• Physical Review Letters record of the 2014 observation (2014) — The citable primary source, including the timing and video data.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

A working aneutronic fusion programme run on a shoestring that publishes its raw progress, including the shots that fail.

• Company
• X@lppfusion
• YouTube
• LinkedIn
• Link
• Link
• Website

• LPPFusion peer-reviewed papers index (2026) — The company's own bibliography, the fastest way into two decades of DPF results.
• Focus Fusion: Overview of Progress Towards p-B11 Fusion with the Dense Plasma Focus (2023) — The team's consolidated performance claims in a peer-reviewed venue.
• Preparations for pB11 tests in the FF-2B dense plasma focus (2024) — The experimental plan for the boron campaign now under way.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The lab that turned Z-pinch implosions from an engineering trick into visible, filamentary, self-organising plasma physics.

• Institution
• Institution

• Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array Z pinches (2001) — The paper that showed a wire array is a set of interacting plasma jets, not a uniform shell.
• Implosion dynamics of wire array Z-pinches: experiments at Imperial College (2004) — A readable survey of what MAGPIE actually measures.
• Equilibrium flow structures and scaling of implosion trajectories in wire array Z pinches (2004) — Where the flow structures inside a pinch get pinned down quantitatively.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

PF-1000 is where the plasma focus is pushed to megajoule scale, which is the test of whether the pinch physics really scales.

• Journal

• Preliminary neutron experiments with the PF-1000 plasma-focus facility (2002) — First neutron results from the megajoule machine.
• Review of recent experiments with the megajoule PF-1000 plasma focus device (2002) — A readable survey of what the largest DPF in Europe produces.
• Neutron emission from the plasma focus PF-24 device under different Ar doping (2018) — Collaboration with Sing Lee's group on the doping question.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Takes its confinement scheme straight from planetary physics, which is a rare and instructive way to think about self-organised plasma.

• Company
• Substack
• LinkedIn

• OpenStar publishes first viable design (2026) — The company putting a full reactor design into public view rather than holding it back.
• Levitated dipole technology overview (2026) — Explains why a plasma held the way Earth's magnetosphere holds one can be stable without a tokamak.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The place where aneutronic fusion stops being a power-plant argument and becomes a spacecraft engine design.

• Company
• Website
• YouTube
• LinkedIn
• Link

• The Princeton Field-Reversed Configuration for Compact Nuclear Fusion Power Plants (2023) — The clearest published case for the small aneutronic FRC as both a power plant and a rocket.
• Direct Fusion Drive / STARFIRE programme pages (2026) — How a fusion plasmoid becomes propulsion, written for engineers rather than press.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The place where the Z-pinch is pushed hardest, and where the magnetized-liner idea gets tested against real measurements.

• Institution

• High-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion (2012) — Slutz and Vesey's proposal that laid out MagLIF and set the Z Machine's fusion programme.
• Experimental Demonstration of Fusion-Relevant Conditions in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (2014) — The first experimental confirmation that the scheme reaches fusion-relevant conditions.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

The largest private bet on the self-organised plasma ring, and the team that actually measured proton-boron fusion in a magnetic confinement device.

• Company
• Website
• Podcast
• Website

• First measurements of p11B fusion in a magnetically confined plasma (2023) — The first proton-boron fusion measured inside a magnetically confined plasma, done on Japan's LHD with TAE's diagnostics.
• TAE research library (2026) — The company's own index of its peer-reviewed output, unusually complete for a private fusion firm.
• Good Clean Energy podcast (2026) — Long-form interviews that are a good lay entry point to FRC and aneutronic fuel cycles.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

A laboratory built specifically to make double layers and self-organised plasma shells visible, and to film the whole process.

• Website
• Company

• SAFIRE Project phases one, two and three experimental reports (2026) — The public record of what the reactor did as the input power was raised.
• SAFIRE Project presentations archive (2026) — Recorded talks in which the team walks through their own data.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

A pinch held together by flow shear alone, with no external magnets, which would be the cheapest confinement scheme anyone has proposed.

• Company
• X@Energy_Zap
• YouTube
• LinkedIn

• Century: Zap Energy's 100-kW-Scale Repetitive Sheared-Flow-Stabilized Z-Pinch System with Liquid Metal Cooling (2025) — The engineering paper on running a Z-pinch repetitively behind liquid-metal walls.
• Sustained Neutron Production from a Sheared-Flow Stabilized Z Pinch (2019) — The University of Washington result the company was founded on.
• Zap Energy's integrated approach to fission and fusion (2026) — States the 2026 strategy shift in the company's own words.

Plasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsLattice confinement fusion

Frames the question a B(3) or O(3) advocate has to answer before anything else: what measurement distinguishes it from ordinary electromagnetism?

• Comments on Evans's B(3) field (1995) — An established electromagnetics theorist explaining precisely why the longitudinal magnetic component does not follow.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

The experiment everything in this chapter rests on, still documented image-by-image on Hitachi's own pages, so a reader can see the fringes rather than take them on trust.

• Institution

• Evidence for Aharonov-Bohm effect with magnetic field completely shielded from electron wave (1986) — Superconductor-clad toroidal magnet leaves the electron path field-free, and the phase shift is still there - the decisive experiment.
• Observation of Aharonov-Bohm Effect by Electron Holography (1982) — The first holographic measurement of the AB phase difference.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

Shows how the longitudinal-component question is actually tested today - with spacecraft data and a stated upper bound, not argument.

• Solar wind test of the de Broglie-Proca massive photon with Cluster multi-spacecraft data (2016) — With Retinò and Vaivads; turns the longitudinal-photon question into a measurement using real space-plasma data.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe unified picture

His prediction turned a philosophical argument about potentials into something a laboratory could measure - and it was.

• Magnetic force exerted by the Aharonov-Bohm line (1998) — Predicts an asymmetric deflection - the prediction Becker and Batelaan later measured.
• The Lorentz Force Exerted by the Aharonov-Bohm Flux Line (2002) — With Ioffe; the fuller treatment of how a field-free region can still push.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

The one person who made the whole Weber-Ampère tradition readable in English and gave it away free - the essential background for any longitudinal-force claim.

• Institution
• Website

• Weber's Electrodynamics (1994) — The standard modern treatment of the force law in which inertia and induction come from relative motion, not fields.
• Relational Mechanics (1999) — Derives Newton's second law from Weber's force applied to gravitation - a fully worked implementation of Mach's principle.
• Wilhelm Weber's Main Works on Electrodynamics Translated into English (5 volumes) (2021) — Free PDFs of the primary sources - the alternative electrodynamics tradition in its own words at last.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsInertia and gravity from the vacuumThe unified picture

Explains, carefully, what the quaternion original of Maxwell's equations contained that the modern vector version does not carry.

• A generalisation of classical electrodynamics for the prediction of scalar field effects (2003) — With van Vlaenderen; the biquaternion formulation that makes the extra scalar field explicit.
• On the Notation of Maxwell's Field Equations (2000) — Traces what was dropped when Maxwell's quaternion equations were rewritten in vector form - the origin of a long argument.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

The rare longitudinal-wave advocate who builds instruments and shows the traces - useful whether you come to agree with his interpretation or not.

• Website
• Company
• YouTube@EricDollard· 18.2K subscribers
• Link

• Condensed Intro to Tesla Transformers (1986) — The engineering account of Tesla coil operation as a longitudinal, not radiative, system.
• Theory of Wireless Power (1986) — Sets out the magneto-dielectric wave and the claim of propagation faster than c in the near zone.
• Tesla's Longitudinal Dielectricity - Scalar Demonstrations & Wireless Transmission (2013) — Filmed bench demonstration of the effects he argues transverse theory cannot describe.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

Shows exactly which equation has to hold for a longitudinal or higher-symmetry claim to work - the most useful kind of criticism for a builder.

• On the Existence of K. Meyl's Scalar Waves (2006) — Works through the wave-equation split Meyl uses and shows where it breaks.
• The Superposition Principle of Waves Not Fulfilled under M. W. Evans' O(3) Hypothesis (2006) — A concrete, checkable objection to O(3) electrodynamics rather than a dismissal.
• On the Non-Lorentz-Invariance of M.W. Evans' O(3)-Symmetry Law (2005) — The invariance question anyone extending Maxwell has to answer.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

The electric side of the story: if the scalar potential also acts where there is no field, the case for potentials as real gets much stronger.

• New Diffraction Experiment on the Electrostatic Aharonov-Bohm Effect (1985) — The electric counterpart to Tonomura's magnetic experiment - the scalar potential acting where the field is zero.
• The Electrostatic Aharonov-Bohm Effect (in Quantum Coherence) (1991) — The review that laid out what the electric AB experiments do and do not settle.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

Gives a reader the history straight from the source, including the decades of argument about whether potentials are real.

• Institution
• arXiv

• Theoretical Discovery, Experiment, and Controversy in the Aharonov-Bohm Effect: An Oral History Interview (2025) — Aharonov's own account of the discovery, the resistance to it, and what the experiments settled - the single best orientation piece for chapter 10.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

The engineer who tried hardest to turn higher-symmetry electromagnetism into a flight-vehicle design, and published the attempts step by step.

• Faster Than Light: Warp Drive and Quantum Vacuum Power (2019) — His collected work on coupling engineered fields to the vacuum for propulsion.
• Space coupling by specially conditioned electromagnetic fields (1998) — With Terence Barrett; where the SU(2) electrodynamics thread meets the propulsion thread.
• Specially Conditioned EM Fields to Reduce Nuclear Fusion Input Energy Needs (2012) — With Barrett and George Miley; the same field-conditioning idea applied to fusion ignition.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsInertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe metric, warp drives and wormholes

The respectable ancestor of the longitudinal-photon idea - a de Broglie collaborator publishing it in Physical Review Letters.

• Photon Mass and New Experimental Results on Longitudinal Displacements of Laser Beams near Total Reflection (1972) — With Louis de Broglie; the mainstream root of the idea that the photon may have a longitudinal degree of freedom.
• The Enigmatic Photon (5 volumes) (1994) — With Myron Evans; where the photon-mass tradition meets the B(3) claim.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsWhat the vacuum isThe unified picture

Runs the microscope group that can actually shape an electron wave, which is what turns questions about potentials into measurements.

• Institution

• Asymmetry and non-dispersivity in the Aharonov-Bohm effect (2019) — With Becker, Guzzinati, Béché and Batelaan; the Antwerp microscope supplied the beam control that made the measurement possible.
• Production and application of electron vortex beams (2010) — Electron beams carrying orbital angular momentum - the tooling that makes modern potential experiments possible.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

A rare experimental line in the relational-inertia tradition: real motors on the bench, not just derivations.

• Link

• Inercia y Gravitación: La Verdadera Influencia de los Astros (1999) — The Spanish-language treatment of relational inertia, written with experimental support.
• A new theoretical and experimental analysis of the unipolar motor (2001) — Bench experiments where Weber and Maxwell-Lorentz predictions can be told apart.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

The clearest modern write-up of what changes if you stop imposing a gauge condition - the technical heart of the longitudinal-wave claim.

• General Classical Electrodynamics (2016) — Builds an electrodynamics on Whittaker's reciprocal force law that satisfies Newton's third law and predicts longitudinal waves.
• A generalisation of classical electrodynamics for the prediction of scalar field effects (2003) — The original statement, with André Waser: add a scalar field, drop the gauge condition, and see what follows.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

The most widely replicated scalar-wave demonstration kit in Europe, and the reference point for anyone building a longitudinal-transmission experiment at home.

• Website

• Scalar Waves: Theory and Experiments (2001) — The core statement of his extension of Maxwell's equations and the near-field transmission demonstration.
• Potentialwirbel (Potential Vortex), vols. 1-2 (1990) — The German-language foundation of his vortex-based field model.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsEnergy from the vacuum

Her measurement is the modern experimental hinge between 'the potential only shifts phase' and 'the potential also pushes'.

• Journal

• Asymmetry and non-dispersivity in the Aharonov-Bohm effect (2019) — Reconciles Zeilinger's dispersionless theorem with Shelankov's predicted quantum force as two limits of one result.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

Proof that the vector-potential question is live research, not settled history - he is designing new experiments right now.

• Institution
• arXiv

• Electrodynamic Aharonov-Bohm effect (2023) — A new time-dependent version of the effect - the potentials story is still producing fresh, testable predictions.
• Gauge invariance of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in a quantum electrodynamics framework (2024) — Answers, in full QED, the objection that the effect is a gauge artefact.
• Topological schemes in spacetime for the electrodynamic Aharonov-Bohm effect (2025) — With Batelaan; makes the topology of the effect explicit in spacetime rather than space alone.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

Knowing which journals will publish this work is half of finding it - this is one of the few.

• Journal

• Physics Essays archive (2026) — A searchable back-catalogue where much of the extended-electrodynamics literature actually lives.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsWhat the vacuum isInertial mass reduction and transmedium craft

Does the thing this corner of physics most needs: a specific, repeatable bench measurement that standard theory says should not be there.

• Experimental investigation of an unusual induction effect and its interpretation as a necessary consequence of Weber electrodynamics (2021) — Reports a force parallel to the test charge's motion - the kind of measurement that would decide the longitudinal question.
• The importance of Weber-Maxwell electrodynamics in electrical engineering (2023) — Argues the Weber formulation is not just historical but practically useful for near-field engineering.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

If you want the mathematically careful version of 'electromagnetism is bigger than Maxwell wrote it', Barrett is the book to start from.

• Topological Foundations of Electromagnetism (2008) — Argues Maxwell theory is the U(1) special case of a topologically richer electromagnetism, and sets out the SU(2) form.
• Topological Foundations of Electromagnetism (2nd edition) (2022) — Expanded edition with additional material on gauge conditions and measurement.
• Advanced Electromagnetism: Foundations, Theory and Applications (1995) — Co-edited with Dale Grimes; the standard anthology for the higher-symmetry electromagnetism literature.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe unified picture

Whatever a reader concludes, this archive is where the modern 'longitudinal waves in the vacuum' vocabulary was set, and it names the Whittaker papers everyone afterwards cites.

• Motionless Electromagnetic Generator (MEG) (2002) — With Patrick, Hayes, Moore and Kenny; the patent that anchors the whole 'energy from the longitudinal component' claim.
• Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles (2002) — The full statement of his scalar-electromagnetics framework and its reading of Whittaker.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsEnergy from the vacuum

A mainstream-trained physicist who spent a career arguing precisely and publicly for the neglected terms - useful for readers who want dissent with equations attached.

• Link

• Old Physics for New: A Worldview Alternative to Einstein's Relativity Theory (2006) — A physicist's sustained argument that the total time derivative belongs in Maxwell's equations - and what longitudinal effects follow.
• Book review: Weber's Electrodynamics (1995) — His assessment of Assis's revival of the Weber programme.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe unified picture

The living author of the effect itself, and still working on what potentials mean - read him before any secondary account.

• Institution
• Institution

• Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory (1959) — With David Bohm; the paper that made the vector potential a physical object rather than bookkeeping.
• Quantum Paradoxes: Quantum Theory for the Perplexed (2005) — With Daniel Rohrlich; the accessible route into potentials, nonlocality and weak measurement.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

This is the measurement that closes the most obvious escape route: the potential is doing something a force is not.

• Macroscopic Test of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect (2007) — With Batelaan; measures electron arrival times past a solenoid and finds no delay - so the phase shift is not a disguised force.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

A rare case where a company keeps the primary evidence online, free, decades later - go and look at the fringes yourself.

• Institution
• Institution

• Verification of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (research archive) (2026) — The experiment explained with the actual interference images, by the people who took them.
• Demonstration of single-electron buildup of an interference pattern (1989) — The same group's other landmark: interference built one electron at a time.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

The academic home of the question 'what is a potential, physically?' - and the papers are mostly free through the university repository.

• Institution

• Institute for Quantum Studies research programme (2026) — Where weak measurement, geometric phase and the meaning of potentials are actively worked on together.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe evidence ladder

They translated Tesla's notebooks into circuit theory and patents - the honest engineering root of the surface-wave story.

• Company

• Excitation and use of guided surface wave modes on lossy media (2017) — Turns the 1907 Zenneck solution into a buildable transmitter specification.
• A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data (1984) — The paper that recovered what Tesla's own measurements actually showed, in ordinary engineering terms.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsPlasmoids, charge clusters and the orbs

The most complete free archive of the higher-symmetry electrodynamics tradition - and the place to read the original claims rather than summaries of them.

• Website
• Website
• Website

• The Enigmatic Photon (5 volumes) (1994) — With Jean-Pierre Vigier; the original case for a longitudinal magnetic component B(3) of light.
• Classical and Quantum Electrodynamics and the B(3) Field (2001) — With Lawrence Crowell; the B(3) programme recast as non-Abelian gauge field theory.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fieldsThe unified picture

A university engineering group willing to test the alternative electrodynamics rather than argue about it - exactly the standard this topic needs.

• Evaluation of Electron Beam Deflections Across a Solenoid Using Weber-Ritz and Maxwell-Lorentz Electrodynamics (2015) — With Smith and Jjunju; a real experiment placed where the two theories disagree.
• A Charged Particle Model based on Weber Electrodynamics for Electron Beam Trajectories in Coil and Solenoid Elements (2022) — Extends the comparison to practical beam optics.
• Deriving an Electric Wave Equation from Weber's Electrodynamics (2023) — Shows Weber's force law is compatible with wave propagation, including a longitudinal solution.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

Someone actually built the tower - and the engineering documents are the best available bridge from Tesla's claims to measurable modern radio physics.

• Company

• Excitation and use of guided surface wave modes on lossy media (2017) — The core Corum/Viziv patent on launching a Zenneck surface wave at the Brewster angle.
• The Milford, Texas guided-surface-wave tower (2018) — The largest publicly built Tesla-lineage surface-wave transmitter, and the most concrete test of the idea.

Scalar waves and the field behind the fields

Mashhoon wrote the primer that lets you read gravity in the same equations as electromagnetism, which is where engineering intuition starts.

• ORCID0000-0003-0534-6337
• Link· 288 works, 8,701 citations indexed

• Gravitoelectromagnetism: A Brief Review (2008) — The standard short introduction to the Maxwell-like form of weak-field gravity, which is the language every gravity-control proposal uses.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Everitt spent a career proving that a rotating mass really does drag spacetime, which is the first genuine instance of measuring the metric itself.

• Journal
• Link· 172 works, 3,521 citations indexed

• Gravity Probe B: Final Results of a Space Experiment to Test General Relativity (2011) — The direct measurement of frame dragging with superconducting gyroscopes in orbit.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe evidence ladder

De Matos supplies the theoretical reason to expect coherent matter to couple to gravity far more strongly than it should.

• Journal

• Gravitomagnetic London moment and the graviton mass inside a superconductor (2005) — Proposes that inside a superconductor the gravitational interaction acquires a finite range, dramatically raising the effect.
• Gravitomagnetic field of a rotating superconductor and of a rotating superfluid (2003) — The paper that started the Tajmar–de Matos experimental programme.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Half of the theory pair whose papers are cited in nearly every superconductor gravity experiment since.

• Journal

• Effects of a gravitomagnetic field on pure superconductors (1991) — Co-author of the mechanism that motivated a generation of superconductor gravity experiments.
• Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of superconductors (1992) — The predicted experimental signature.

Gravity control and superconductors

Podkletnov's experiment is the single most-attempted replication in gravity control, which makes it the best case study in how a claim like this gets tested.

• Journal
• Journal

• A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductor (1992) — With R. Nieminen: the original claim of a small weight loss above a rotating, levitated superconducting disk.
• Investigation of High Voltage Discharges in Low Pressure Gases Through Large Ceramic Superconducting Electrodes (2003) — With Modanese: the impulse-gravity experiment, a discharge across a superconducting electrode reported to produce a directed force pulse.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Alzofon's proposal is unusually specific about apparatus, which is why it could be, and now has been, put to a modern test.

• Journal

• Anti-gravity with present technology: implementation and theoretical foundation (1981) — The AIAA paper proposing that aligning nuclear spins with microwaves and a magnetic field would reduce weight.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Woodward called him the finest experimentalist in this field; he has independently tested more of these claims than anyone alive and says plainly what he found.

• Company
• Company

• Superconductors in Gravity Research (DIRD #10) (2010) — A working experimentalist's audit of the gravity-shielding claims.
• Maverick vs Corporate Research Cultures (DIRD #16) (2010) — An unusual and readable report on why breakthrough claims keep failing to survive contact with a proper laboratory.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe evidence ladder

Modanese is the theorist who has stayed with this question longest and states most carefully what a coherent quantum system might do to gravity.

• ORCID0000-0003-4302-2966
• Link· 125 works, 836 citations indexed

• Investigation of High Voltage Discharges in Low Pressure Gases Through Large Ceramic Superconducting Electrodes (2003) — The Podkletnov impulse experiment with Modanese as theoretical partner.
• Interaction Between Macroscopic Quantum Systems and Gravity (2022) — A current, sober review of what a coherent quantum system could and could not do to a gravitational field.
• Gravity-Superconductors Interactions: Theory and Experiment (2012) — The edited volume that collects this entire experimental tradition in one place.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

An example of the right specialist being brought in, which is how exotic claims get properly settled.

• Journal

• Investigation of the Alzofon weight reduction experiment using NMR spectroscopy (2024) — Supplies the spectroscopic measurement that makes the test decisive rather than suggestive.

Gravity control and superconductors

Gravitomagnetism is real and measured, and Ciufolini is the person who measured it; every gravity-control claim has to start from this baseline.

• ORCID0000-0001-9166-7916
• Journal

• A test of general relativity using the LARES and LAGEOS satellites and a GRACE Earth gravity model (2016) — The satellite measurement of frame dragging, with Roger Penrose among the co-authors.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Iorio sharpens the question of how well we really know these tiny gravitational effects, which is the discipline any gravity-control claim will be judged by.

• ORCID0000-0003-4949-2694
• Journal

• A comment on 'A test of general relativity using the LARES and LAGEOS satellites and a GRACE Earth gravity model' (2017) — The published objection to the claimed accuracy, and the reason the frame-dragging error budget is now argued in the open.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe evidence ladder

Tajmar is the person who actually builds the apparatus and reports what it says, whichever way it comes out, and that is the standard this field needs.

• ORCID0000-0002-7406-7588
• Link· 298 works, 2,928 citations indexed
• Institution

• Gravitomagnetic field of a rotating superconductor and of a rotating superfluid (2003) — With de Matos: the theoretical case that a rotating superconductor's gravitomagnetic field is far larger than general relativity alone predicts.
• Measurement of Gravitomagnetic and Acceleration Fields around Rotating Superconductors (2007) — The Dresden and Vienna measurements that gave the field its most-discussed positive signal.
• Gravitomagnetic London moment and the graviton mass inside a superconductor (2005) — Links the Cooper-pair mass anomaly to a gravitational effect inside the material.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuumInertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe evidence ladder

Inan carries the Chiao transducer programme forward, which is where gravity control and high-frequency gravitational waves meet.

• Journal

• Interaction of gravitational waves with superconductors (2016) — Lead author on the detailed calculation of superconducting response to gravitational radiation.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe metric, warp drives and wormholes

Li and Torr gave the field its central mechanism claim: that quantum coherence in a solid might multiply an otherwise unmeasurable gravitational effect.

• Journal

• Effects of a gravitomagnetic field on pure superconductors (1991) — Argues that aligned lattice ions in a superconductor could coherently amplify a gravitomagnetic field.
• Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of superconductors (1992) — The follow-up predicting a measurable gravitational signature inside superconducting material.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Chiao's transducer idea is the cleanest published route from ordinary electromagnetism to gravitational radiation in a laboratory.

• ORCID0000-0003-3941-9741
• Link· 310 works, 13,980 citations indexed

• Interaction of gravitational waves with superconductors (2016) — With Inan and Thompson: works out how a superconductor should respond to a passing gravitational wave, and therefore how it might emit one.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Musha is one of the few researchers publishing continuously on gravity generation outside the main institutional channels, and his back catalogue is worth knowing.

• Journal

• Energy does not have a Gravitational Mass (2023) — Representative of his continuing line of argument about where the standard treatment of gravitating energy may be incomplete.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

This is a forty-year-old proposal finally getting the specific measurement it always needed.

• Journal

• Investigation of the Alzofon weight reduction experiment using NMR spectroscopy (2024) — Uses nuclear magnetic resonance to check whether the spin-alignment conditions Alzofon required can even be reached.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe evidence ladder

This group does the careful theory that says how large a superconductor-gravity effect is actually allowed to be.

• Journal

• Interaction Between Macroscopic Quantum Systems and Gravity (2022) — With Modanese, the current review of what the Ginzburg-Landau and BCS frameworks say about gravitational coupling.
• Interaction between superconductors and weak gravitational field (2020) — The detailed calculation behind the review.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertia and gravity from the vacuum

Their published sensitivity bounds tell you how big an effect would have to be to have escaped detection so far.

• Journal

• Gravity modification by high-temperature superconductors (2001) — An independent test with published sensitivity limits, which is what makes a null result useful.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe evidence ladder

They try to explain the scattered anomalous-force reports with one model, which is how a set of anecdotes becomes a testable hypothesis.

• Journal

• Theoretical Study of Anomalous Forces Externally Induced by Superconductors (2017) — Attempts a single quantitative framework covering several separate anomalous-force reports.

Gravity control and superconductors

This is what a careful replication looks like, and it sharpens exactly which parts of the original setup have never been reproduced.

• Journal

• Gravity modification experiment using a rotating superconducting disk and radio frequency fields (2003) — A serious attempt at the Podkletnov configuration with the apparatus and null-result bounds spelled out.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe evidence ladder

The independent lab this field can send a device to - and the reports say what actually happened, not what was hoped.

• Company

• Gravity modification experiment using a rotating superconducting disk and radio frequency fields (2003) — With Cleveland and Bao; a careful replication attempt published in a mainstream superconductivity journal.

Gravity control and superconductorsInertial mass reduction and transmedium craftThe evidence ladder

A Physical Review Letters paper claiming spinning mass loses weight is a perfect worked example of how physics tests a surprising result.

• Journal

• Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope's right rotations around the vertical axis on the Earth (1989) — A weight anomaly reported in Physical Review Letters that triggered a wave of careful replication attempts worldwide.

Gravity control and superconductors

A US space agency spent real money making the disks, and their write-up is the most practical document in the whole gravity-shielding story.

• Journal

• Fabrication of large bulk ceramic superconductor disks for gravity modification experiments (1999) — The NASA record of what it actually takes to build the hardware the claim requires.

Gravity control and superconductorsThe evidence ladder

Takahashi turns 'somehow the barrier is beaten' into a specific four-deuteron geometry that experiments can check.

• Journal

• Mechanism of deuteron cluster fusion by EQPET model (2005) — The cluster-fusion proposal that gives a concrete alternative to two-body fusion.
• Deuteron Cluster Fusion and ASH (2007) — Connects the model to the helium ash that experiments report.
• 3He/4He production ratios by tetrahedral symmetric condensation (2006) — A testable prediction: which helium isotopes should appear, and in what ratio.

Lattice confinement fusion

Parkhomov built the reactors himself and published the isotope data, which is what turns a claim into something checkable.

• Journal

• Research into Heat Generators Similar to High-temperature Rossi Reactor (2016) — The replication attempt that gave the Rossi claims their first independent public test.
• Isotopic and Elemental Composition of Substance in Nickel-Hydrogen Heat Generators (2018) — Looks for the isotope shifts that would prove a nuclear process.
• Nickel-hydrogen reactors: heat generation, isotopic and elemental composition of fuel (2017) — The fuller Russian-journal version of the same work.

Lattice confinement fusion

Widom offers the strongest alternative to fusion in these experiments, which is exactly the kind of competing explanation a reader should know about.

• Journal

• Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces (2006) — The paper that proposed weak-interaction neutron production instead of fusion.
• A primer for electroweak induced low-energy nuclear reactions (2010) — The accessible version of the same argument.
• Neutron production from the fracture of piezoelectric rocks (2012) — Extends the mechanism to a completely different setting, which makes it testable.

Lattice confinement fusion

Huke's numbers are the ones any lattice-fusion claim has to be compared against.

• Journal

• Enhancement of deuteron-fusion reactions in metals and experimental implications (2008) — The Physical Review C paper that quantified how much metals really enhance d+d fusion.
• Measurement of the enhanced screening effect of the d + d reactions in metals (2007) — The measurement technique, described so others can repeat it.
• Experimental techniques for the investigation of the electron screening effect for d+d fusion (2003) — The methods paper behind the whole series.

Lattice confinement fusion

Chait sits on both the theory and experiment papers, which makes his talks a good bridge between them.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

A nuclear-data specialist inside the NASA team, which matters when the argument turns on reaction products.

• ORCID
• Institution

• A New Way of Triggering Nuclear Fusion (2021) — A short, clear explanation of the photon-triggered mechanism for non-specialists.
• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Steinetz built and instrumented the experiment, so his write-ups are where the measurement details actually live.

• ORCID
• Institution

• Experimental Observations of Nuclear Activity in Deuterated Materials Subjected to a Low-Energy Photon Beam (2017) — The earlier NASA technical report that set up the 2020 Physical Review C results.
• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Co-author on both NASA Glenn lattice confinement fusion papers.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Berlinguette's team did what nobody else would fund - a well-resourced, openly published re-test - and published the null results alongside the interesting ones.

• Journal
• Institution

• Revisiting the cold case of cold fusion (2019) — The Nature paper in which a Google-funded team said the question deserved a proper look, and reported what they found.
• Electrochemically-enhanced nuclear fusion of deuterium (2024) — The follow-on preprint continuing the programme.

Lattice confinement fusion

Nagel writes the surveys that let an outsider see the shape of the field without taking a side first.

• Journal

• Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: Exciting New Science and Potential Clean Energy (2012) — A measured survey written for the mainstream fusion community.
• Nanomaterials engineering for enhanced low energy nuclear reactions: a comprehensive review (2024) — Current review of what materials engineering has actually achieved.
• Exploring artificial intelligence techniques to research low energy nuclear reactions (2024) — Turning decades of scattered results into something machine-searchable.

Lattice confinement fusion

Letts found a knob you can turn - laser frequency - which is the closest thing this field has to on-demand control.

• Journal

• Laser stimulation of deuterated palladium: past and present (2005) — The original demonstration that a laser can switch the effect on.
• Thermal changes in palladium deuteride induced by laser beat frequencies (2008) — The beat-frequency result that theory has been chasing ever since.
• Modified Szpak Protocol for Excess Heat (2012) — A written protocol other labs can follow.

Lattice confinement fusion

Storms read and catalogued essentially every experiment in this field, so his reviews are the fastest way to find out what has already been tried.

• Journal
• Website

• The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (2007) — The first systematic review of the whole experimental literature.
• An Explanation of Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (Cold Fusion) (2012) — His nuclear-active-environment hypothesis, stated compactly.
• The Nature of Cold Fusion (Cold Fusion Made Simple) (2024) — A late-career attempt to state the whole case in plain terms.

Lattice confinement fusion

Celani's wires are the cheapest reproducible experiment in the field, which is why so many independent groups have tried them.

• Journal

• Anomalous Heat Effects via Longitudinal and Transversal Excitations in Constantan Wires (2026) — His most recent results, and a good example of how the protocol keeps being refined.
• Advancements in the Production of Anomalous Heat Effect in Constantan Wires (2024) — The materials engineering behind the effect.
• Electrically induced anomalous thermal phenomena in nanostructured wires (2020) — The book-chapter overview of the constantan approach.

Lattice confinement fusion

Tanzella is the field's most careful calorimetrist, and calorimetry is where every argument here is won or lost.

• Journal

• Total Calorimetry ('From the Wall') in a Brillouin Reactor (2025) — How to measure a reactor's energy balance without leaving anything out.
• Mass and Heat Flow Calorimetry in Brillouin's Reactor (2020) — Two independent methods cross-checked against each other.
• Cryogenic Calorimetry of 'Exploding' PdDx Wires (2012) — SRI-era work on measuring fast, violent events accurately.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

Fralick's instrumentation work is why the neutron and product measurements can be defended.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Hora spent decades arguing that boron fusion needs a fundamentally different ignition mechanism, and lived to see a company built on it.

• Company

• Road map to clean energy using laser beam ignition of boron-hydrogen fusion (2017) — Sets out the non-thermal block-ignition route to p-B11 that HB11 was founded to build.
• HB11 science pages summarising Hora's ignition scheme (2026) — A plain-language version of the same argument.

Lattice confinement fusion

As the journal's editor Biberian decides what counts as publishable here, which makes his own writing a good guide to the field's standards.

• Journal
• Website

• Condensed matter nuclear science (cold fusion): an update (2007) — A clear status review aimed at readers outside the field.
• Cold Fusion (2014) — His own overview of the evidence base.
• Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective (2012) — Traces one of the field's stranger sub-threads back to its sources.

Lattice confinement fusion

Rothwell made the primary literature of this field free and findable, which is the single most useful thing anyone has done for newcomers.

• Website
• Journal

• Lessons from Cold Fusion Archives and from History (2015) — What the archive itself teaches about how the field went wrong and right.
• Experimental procedures for excess heat generation from cold fusion reactions (2020) — With Mizuno, the detailed method chapter that makes replication possible.
• LENR-CANR.org library (2026) — Thousands of full-text papers, free, which is his real contribution.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

Kasagi brings the discipline of accelerator nuclear physics to claims that are usually argued with calorimeters.

• Journal

• Low-energy nuclear reactions in metals (2004) — A careful statement of what accelerator data does and does not support.
• Screening energy for low energy nuclear reactions in condensed matter (2020) — His summary chapter on the screening question.
• Photon Radiation Calorimetry for Anomalous Heat Generation in NiCu Multilayer Thin Film (2025) — Bringing accelerator-grade rigour to a heat measurement.

Lattice confinement fusion

Czerski measures, on a conventional accelerator, the exact effect the lattice-fusion claims depend on.

• Journal

• Enhancement of the electron screening effect for d + d fusion reactions in metallic environments (2001) — The measurement that made metal-lattice screening a mainstream nuclear-physics topic.
• Deuteron-deuteron nuclear reactions at extremely low energies (2022) — His current low-energy results, published in Physical Review C.
• Electron screening in deuteron-deuteron reactions on a Zr target with oxygen and carbon contaminants (2025) — Shows how much the surface chemistry matters, which is the crux of the whole argument.

Lattice confinement fusion

Forsley is the connective tissue between the Navy's decades of co-deposition work and NASA's lattice confinement programme.

• ORCID
• Institution

• Electron Screened and Enhanced Nuclear Reactions (2022) — With the Navy's Louis DeChiaro, on how lattice screening changes the reaction rate.
• The Trajectory of Recent Solid State Fusion Results (2026) — His 2026 survey of where solid-state fusion results now stand.
• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.

Lattice confinement fusion

Larsen has spent twenty years arguing that the anomaly is real but is not fusion, which sharpens what any experiment needs to show.

• Journal
• Website

• Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces (2006) — The founding paper of the weak-interaction alternative.
• Widom-Larsen theory reference collection (2026) — The gathered public explanations, hosted by New Energy Times.

Lattice confinement fusion

DeChiaro works the specific question of how a solid changes the Coulomb barrier, which is where this whole field either stands or falls.

• Institution

• Electron Screened and Enhanced Nuclear Reactions (2022) — With Forsley, sets out the screening argument in a form other labs can test.
• NASA Technical Reports Server record of the 2022 briefing (2022) — The citable record for the talk.

Lattice confinement fusion

Srinivasan ran a whole national laboratory's worth of measurements looking for tritium, and reports what was found without decoration.

• Journal
• Website

• Wide-ranging studies on the emission of neutrons and tritium by LENR configurations: an historical review (2009) — The definitive account of the BARC tritium results, which are the hardest nuclear evidence in the early record.
• Transmutations and isotopic shifts in LENR experiments (2020) — His survey of the element-changing claims.
• Detection of high tritium activity on the central titanium electrode of a plasma focus device (1991) — A direct bridge between the plasma focus and the tritium anomaly.

Lattice confinement fusion

Co-author of the theory that turns 'cold fusion' from a slogan into a screening calculation.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Miles asked the one question that could settle the argument - if there is heat, is there helium in proportion - and spent a career measuring it.

• Journal
• Link

• Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition (2004) — Co-authored with Szpak, Mosier-Boss and Fleischmann.
• Remembering Dr. Melvin H. Miles (2025) — An account of what his heat-helium correlation work established.

Lattice confinement fusion

McKubre is the person who established that loading ratio, not luck, is what separates a working cell from a dead one.

• Journal

• Electrochemical loading to produce the Fleischmann-Pons heat effect (FPHE) (2020) — His summary of what loading conditions actually have to be met before excess heat appears.
• The effect of ultrasound on the electrochemical loading of hydrogen in palladium (1996) — Early SRI work on controlling deuterium loading, the variable everything else depends on.

Lattice confinement fusion

Carries the LCF work forward into the space-power mission studies.

• Institution

• Accessing Icy World Oceans using Lattice Confinement Fusion Fast Fission (2026) — Co-author on the current mission-concept work.
• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Swartz builds sealed, portable components, which is the form this effect would have to take to be useful.

• Journal

• Oscillating excess power gain and magnetic domains in NANOR-type CF/LANR components (2017) — Describes a sealed solid-state component rather than a wet cell.
• Direct Electricity Production from NANOR-type ZrO2-PdNiD Components Using Ultrasound (2024) — Attempts the step everyone wants: heat straight to electricity.
• Impedance Spectroscopy Distinguishes Active ZrO2-PdNiD NANOR-type LANR Components (2024) — A non-thermal way to tell an active component from a dead one.

Lattice confinement fusion

Part of the small team that produced the deuterated-metal measurements NASA published.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Mosier-Boss spent two decades building the particle-track evidence that made the Navy's cold fusion results hard to wave away.

• ORCID
• Institution

• Detection of high energy particles using CR-39 detectors, part 1: results of microscopic examination (2010) — Her track-detector method, which is the evidential backbone of the Navy co-deposition claims.
• Lattice Confinement Fusion-Fast-Fission (2024) — Joint NASA/Navy briefing on combining lattice fusion with fast fission.
• LENR Products: Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF), Fission, or Both? (2023) — Co-author on the question of which reactions the products actually come from.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

Hagelstein has spent thirty years building the one thing this field most needs - a mechanism that predicts what the experiments should show.

• Journal
• Institution

• Bird's Eye View of Phonon Models for Excess Heat in the Fleischmann-Pons Experiment (2012) — The best single map of how phonon-based explanations differ from one another.
• Recent Progress on Phonon-Nuclear Theoretical Models (2022) — His current statement of the mechanism, updated after two decades of work.
• Models based on phonon-nuclear coupling (2020) — The book-chapter version, written for readers new to the argument.

Lattice confinement fusion

One of the people responsible for the radiation detection behind the published counts.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Co-author on both Physical Review C papers and on the earlier NASA technical report.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

A long-serving NASA engineer whose presence on both papers signals how seriously the centre took the measurement.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Godes proposes a specific, engineered trigger rather than hoping the effect appears, which makes his claims testable.

• Company
• Journal

• Controlled Electron Capture: Enhanced Stimulation and Calorimetry Methods (2017) — His mechanism - driving electron capture with engineered pulses - stated in full.
• Total Calorimetry ('From the Wall') in a Brillouin Reactor (2025) — The most recent measurement of his reactor.

Lattice confinement fusion

Szpak's co-deposition trick removed the field's worst problem - waiting weeks for a cathode to load - and made experiments repeatable in hours.

• Journal

• Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition (2004) — The co-deposition result, co-authored with Mosier-Boss, Miles and Fleischmann himself.
• The Pd + D co-deposition: process, product, performance (2014) — His own summary of why growing the electrode in place changes everything.

Lattice confinement fusion

Krivit sharpens the most useful question in this field: if something real is happening, is it fusion at all, or something else entirely.

• Website
• X@NewEnergyTimes
• Link

• ITER fusion power output and consumption: facts and falsehoods (2026) — His most-cited piece of arithmetic-checking on mainstream fusion claims.
• The Gene Mallove Infinite Energy Archive (2026) — Preserving the primary record of the field's first three decades.
• Widom-Larsen theory reference section (2026) — His sustained case that the effects are weak-interaction rather than fusion.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

Jones shows what a modest, carefully bounded version of this claim looks like, which makes it a useful yardstick for the larger ones.

• Journal

• Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter (1989) — The careful, small-signal version of the 1989 claim, published in Nature.
• Cold Nuclear Fusion (1987) — With Rafelski, the pre-1989 account of muon-catalysed and related processes.
• Cold (metal-enhanced) fusion, geo-fusion, and cold nucleosynthesis (2005) — Extends the idea to processes inside the Earth.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

Mizuno publishes his reactor recipes in full, which is why his experiments are the most-attempted in the field.

• Journal
• Website

• Observation of Excess Heat by Activated Metal and Deuterium Gas (2017) — The paper that set off the current round of international replication attempts.
• Excess Heat from Palladium Deposited on Nickel (2019) — The refined protocol, written to be copied.
• Anomalous Heat Reaction from Hydrogen and Metals (2025) — His most recent results.

Lattice confinement fusion

Benyo is the person who has carried lattice confinement fusion from a bench result to a funded NASA mission study.

• ORCID
• Institution

• Accessing Icy Worlds Using Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF) Fast Fission (2023) — Her NIAC study turning the lab result into a mission concept.
• LENR Products: Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF), Fission, or Both? (2023) — Asks directly which reaction channel the measured products actually come from.
• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.

Lattice confinement fusion

Violante works the materials question - what exactly has to be true of the metal - inside a national laboratory with proper metallurgy.

• Journal

• Progress in excess of power experiments with electrochemical loading of deuterium in palladium (2006) — ENEA's systematic attempt to find which material properties correlate with excess heat.
• Study of deuterium charging in palladium by the electrolysis of heavy water: heat excess production (1993) — One of the earliest careful European replications.
• Analysis of Ni-hydride thin film after surface plasmon generation by laser technique (2005) — Links surface plasmons to the triggering question.

Lattice confinement fusion

Pines supplies the screening and Oppenheimer-Phillips arithmetic that makes the measured rates something you can argue about quantitatively.

• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn theory paper on fusion in deuterated metals.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — Co-author of the NASA Glenn experimental paper reporting the measured reactions.

Lattice confinement fusion

Iwamura runs the most carefully instrumented transmutation experiments anywhere, inside a mainstream university.

• Journal

• Observation of nuclear transmutation reactions induced by D2 gas permeation through Pd complexes (2006) — The Mitsubishi-era result that put element-changing claims on a measurable footing.
• Review of permeation-induced nuclear transmutation reactions (2020) — His own summary of two decades of permeation work.
• Photon Radiation Calorimetry for Anomalous Heat Generation in NiCu Multilayer Thin Film (2025) — Current Tohoku work with Kasagi on measuring the heat properly.

Lattice confinement fusion

Kim's condensate theory explains why the products of these reactions are not the ones plasma fusion gives, which is the field's most awkward fact.

• Journal

• Theory of Bose-Einstein condensation mechanism for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal grains (2009) — His central proposal, published outside the field's own journals.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate Theory of Deuteron Fusion in Metal (2011) — The fuller technical version.
• Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion: Role of Monopole Transition (2012) — Addresses the hardest part - why the reaction products look the way they do.

Lattice confinement fusion

The single most consequential claim in this field's modern history - worth following closely, and worth reading the independent test reports alongside.

• Company
• Website

• E-Cat reports and updates archive (2026) — The running record of claims, demonstrations and test announcements in Rossi's own words.
• Certificate of Incorporation of Leonardo Corporation and company updates (2025) — The corporate documents behind the claim.
• Third-party E-Cat test reports (collected by E-Cat World) (2026) — The independent test documents that any assessment has to start from.

Lattice confinement fusion

One of the few organisations with real resources that treats solid-state fusion as worth funding and publishing on.

• Website
• Website

• Solid-State Fusion innovations programme (2026) — The rare case of a well-funded institute treating solid-state fusion as a serious technology area.
• 2025 Nuclear Investment Factbook (2025) — Shows where money is actually going across advanced nuclear and fusion.

Lattice confinement fusionEnergy from the vacuum

The first company to take NASA's lattice confinement result and try to sell neutrons with it.

• Company
• Website
• LinkedIn

• Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF) Technology Utilized By Astral Systems Ltd (2024) — NASA's own record of the technology transfer, which is the clearest link between the Glenn work and a commercial device.
• On the Feasibility of Fissile Material Production With Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Devices (2026) — Their own proliferation-risk analysis of fusor-class neutron sources.
• PCT Application WO2025253127A1 - Improvements in and Relating to Isotope Production (2025) — The commercial route: selling isotopes and neutrons from the same physics.

Lattice confinement fusion

The strongest current argument that a useful fusion neutron source can be small enough to sit on a bench.

• Company
• X@AvalancheFusion
• YouTube
• LinkedIn

• Orbitron technology overview (2026) — The company's account of the ion-trap geometry that makes a desktop-scale device plausible.
• FusionWERX neutron testing facility (2026) — Shows the near-term business - selling neutrons for isotope production and radiation testing - that funds the long-term goal.

Lattice confinement fusion

Brillouin publishes wall-plug calorimetry in a peer-reviewed journal, which is the standard every other claim in this field should be held to.

• Company
• Journal

• Total Calorimetry ('From the Wall') in a Brillouin Reactor (2025) — Measures energy in and out at the wall socket, which is the accounting sceptics ask for.
• Mass and Heat Flow Calorimetry in Brillouin's Reactor (2020) — The two independent calorimetry methods run side by side.
• Controlled Electron Capture: Enhanced Stimulation and Calorimetry Methods (2017) — The company's own mechanism and how they try to trigger it.

Lattice confinement fusionEnergy from the vacuum

The most credible industrial LENR programme, because its science runs through a mainstream university laboratory that publishes.

• Company

• QHe technology overview (2026) — The company's own account of quantum hydrogen energy as an industrial heat source.
• Photon Radiation Calorimetry for Anomalous Heat Generation in NiCu Multilayer Thin Film (2025) — The Tohoku collaboration paper behind the technology.

Lattice confinement fusionEnergy from the vacuum

A live commercial claim of catalysed fusion heat, useful to follow precisely because it will either produce validated numbers or it will not.

• Company

• EnergiCell technology and validation pages (2026) — The company's own description of its device and the validation it claims.
• ENG8 patents page (2026) — Their filed intellectual property, which is the checkable part of the claim.

Lattice confinement fusionEnergy from the vacuum

A worked example of a fusion company changing its architecture in public, which is a useful thing for readers to watch happen.

• Company
• X@flfusion
• LinkedIn
• Website

• FLARE: a new architecture for scalable inertial fusion energy (2026) — The company's current design, which combines efficient compression with fast ignition to cut peak power.
• First Light Fusion announces sale of VIPER III velocity amplifiers to Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (2026) — Evidence of the pivot to selling the shock-physics tooling rather than only chasing ignition.

Lattice confinement fusion

The LEC is unusually easy to build and produces electricity rather than heat, which makes it the most replicable claim currently on the table.

• Journal

• Lattice Energy Converter (2022) — The original description of a cell that produces voltage without electrolysis.
• Lattice Energy Converter II: Iron Hydrogen Host Material (2022) — Shows the effect is not specific to palladium, which matters a great deal for cost.
• Scaling up the Lattice Energy Converter (2024) — The engineering question: does it get bigger.

Lattice confinement fusionEnergy from the vacuum

The one place that keeps a current, checkable list of every private fusion effort, including the unorthodox ones.

• Website
• X@Fusion_Industry
• YouTube
• LinkedIn
• Link

• Fusion industry reports (2026) — The annual census of who is building what, with funding figures and approach breakdowns.
• Full and affiliate member directory (2026) — The most complete public list of active private fusion companies, including the small alternative-approach firms.

Lattice confinement fusion

The clearest commercial case that hydrogen-boron fusion can be lit by lasers rather than held by magnets.

• Company
• YouTube
• LinkedIn
• Link
• Website

• Road map to clean energy using laser beam ignition of boron-hydrogen fusion (2017) — The founding roadmap paper, co-authored by Hora and HB11's Warren McKenzie.
• HB11 science page (2026) — The company's own explanation of proton fast ignition and why boron avoids the neutron problem.

Lattice confinement fusion

The society that gives this research a journal, a conference and a citable record instead of leaving it scattered across websites.

• Website
• Journal
• LinkedIn
• Link

• Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (2026) — The open-access journal of record for the field, covering calorimetry, transmutation and theory.
• ISCMNS archive and science reading room (2026) — Decades of proceedings and papers gathered in one searchable place.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

Everything in this part of the directory starts here, and the original papers read very differently from the way the story is usually told.

• Website
• Journal

• Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition (2004) — Fleischmann's late co-authored work with the Navy group, fifteen years after the announcement.
• Fleischmann and Pons papers collection at LENR-CANR (2026) — The original papers, the corrections, and the replication attempts, all in one archive.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

If you want to watch an anomalous-heat experiment actually being built, run and argued over rather than read a summary of one, this is where you go.

• Website
• YouTube@MFMP· 15.6K subscribers
• X@quantumheat
• Link
• Link@mfmp· 304 followers

• Live Open Science experiment archive (Celani replication, Project Dog Bone, powder cells, Mizuno replication) (2026) — Every run, including the null results, posted with the raw data - the clearest working model of open science in this field.
• Martin Fleischmann Memorial Project YouTube channel (2026) — 1,771 videos of live experiments, teardowns and analysis going back over a decade.
• MFMP Steemit archive (2019) — 267 posts of write-ups from the project's most active replication years.

Lattice confinement fusionPlasmoids, charge clusters and the orbsThe evidence ladderEnergy from the vacuum

A US government laboratory publishing, in Physical Review C, that deuterons in a metal lattice can be made to fuse - which is the single most citable result in this whole field.

• Institution
• Institution

• Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals (2020) — The theory paper: how screening and Oppenheimer-Phillips-type reactions can lift deuteron fusion rates in a loaded lattice.
• Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals (2020) — The experimental companion: measured neutrons and novel reaction products from deuterated erbium and titanium under gamma irradiation.
• Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF) Overview (2020) — The programme's own summary briefing, the best single starting point.

Lattice confinement fusionThe evidence ladder

A corporate research arm that has quietly funded Japanese condensed-matter nuclear work for years.

• Company

• Aisin group listing for Technova (2026) — Confirms the company's current corporate home.
• Deuteron Cluster Fusion and ASH (2007) — Representative of the Takahashi work Technova has supported.

Lattice confinement fusion

The strangest claim in the field, made with Mossbauer spectroscopy rather than calorimetry, and therefore worth checking on its own terms.

• Journal

• Transmutation of stable isotopes and deactivation of radioactive waste in growing biological systems (2013) — The claim at its most consequential: that microbial cultures could deactivate radioactive waste.
• Mossbauer investigation of the phenomenon of isotope (Mn55 to Fe57) nuclear transmutation in growing biological cultures (1999) — The original measurement, using a technique that is hard to fool.
• LENR Transmutation of Stable Sr and K Isotopes in Activated Microbiological Syntrophic Associations (2022) — Their recent work with better controls.

Lattice confinement fusion