Historical research guide · 0185 · 1991
Method of and apparatus for production and manipulation of high density charge
Kenneth R. Shoulders
In one minute
Kenneth Shoulders filed this in June 1990, continuing an application from January 1988, and it was granted in 1991 to the Jupiter Toy Company. His subject is what he calls an EV: a discrete, self-contained bundle of electrons about a micrometre across that holds itself together instead of flying apart, held, he believes, by the electromagnetic fields the electrons set up among themselves. Shoulders reports that a sharpened cathode pulsed at a couple of kilovolts throws these off, that a typical one carries about 10¹¹ electron charges packed at roughly the number density of a solid, that they move at about a tenth of the speed of light, and that they string themselves into bead chains and closed rings and leave visible streaks and craters. Most of the document is engineering. A funnel-shaped separator strips the ordinary plasma away and lets only the EV through; grooved ceramic guides steer it; splitters, delay arms and deflection switches route it — a component set he compares to vacuum tubes, built at a scale of about ten micrometres.
Connection
Chapter 9 asks what a self-organising ball of charge is and whether one can be made on a bench, and this is the document that answers in parts, voltages and dimensions rather than in photographs. It is also the work Hal Puthoff credits with turning him toward the vacuum, which is why chapter 6 keeps coming back to it.
From the source
An EV is a discrete, self-contained, negatively charged bundle of electrons whose containment comes from electromagnetic fields set up between the electrons within the bundle, in contrast to a conventional electron beam held together by an external electrostatic or magnetic field.Description of preferred embodiments, section 1: Definition and some EV properties
A typical EV is about one micrometre across, carries on the order of 10¹¹ uncompensated electron charges with at most one positive ion per 100,000 electrons, and reaches a charge density of about 6.6×10²³ electron charges per cubic centimetre — roughly the number density of a solid — without space-charge neutralisation and without relativistic electron motion.Description of preferred embodiments, section 1
EVs link up like beads in a chain and close into rings as large as 20 micrometres across; a one-micrometre ring of ten beads carries about 10¹² electron charges and, travelling at roughly one-tenth the speed of light, passes a point in 10⁻¹⁴ seconds, giving a current density easily distinguishable from ordinary electron current.Description of preferred embodiments, sections 1 and 4
A dielectric separator with a small aperture — about 0.05 mm for a 2 kV generator — lets the EV out while holding back the rest of the discharge, because the EV induces an image charge in the dielectric and is attracted to it while the loose electrons, ions, neutrals and photons are repelled.Description of preferred embodiments, section 4: Separators; Claim 100
A cathode coupled to a reservoir of liquid conductor held by surface tension — mercury on copper at room temperature, aluminium on titanium carbide at 600 °C, boron oxide glass on tungsten near 900 °C — regenerates its own emitting point between pulses, so a source that erodes itself on every shot can be fired repeatedly.Description of preferred embodiments, section 3: Cathodes; Claims 4 and 105
Generation and manipulation of individual EV beads can be carried out with structures as small as ten micrometres overall, giving a family of components — generators, launchers, separators, guides, selectors, splitters and switches — analogous to the vacuum tubes and transistors of earlier electronics.Description of preferred embodiments, section 2: Generators; Conclusion
The way in
https://patents.google.com/patent/US5054046A/enHow to cite it
Kenneth R. Shoulders (1991) Method of and apparatus for production and manipulation of high density charge US5054046A