Historical research guide · 0732 · 2024
Impedance Spectroscopy Distinguishes Active ZrO2-PdNiD NANOR®-type LANR Components
Mitchell Swartz
In one minute
Mitchell Swartz of JET Energy builds NANOR components: small sealed units in which nanostructured zirconium oxide holds palladium and nickel preloaded with deuterium, and which he reports produce excess heat when driven electrically. This paper is about how to tell, without taking one apart, whether a component is in its active state. His tool is impedance spectroscopy — apply a small alternating electric field, sweep the frequency, and record both how much current flows and how far it lags behind. Different polarisation mechanisms in the material answer at different frequencies, so the sweep separates them, and the job is to de-convolve the response and say which mechanism is which. Swartz runs the measurement on inexpensive hardware, an AD5933 impedance-converter chip with a four-terminal amplified front end and an Arduino, and presents Bode and Nyquist plots for three components. The preloaded material does not answer like an ordinary resistor or like a conventional dielectric, and the same components show an electrical avalanche that ends the excess-heat mode.
Connection
Chapter 12 turns on whether a loaded metal lattice is doing nuclear-scale work at ordinary temperatures, and that question cannot be settled without a way to know when a device is actually in its active state. Swartz’s answer is a bench instrument rather than an argument: sweep the frequency and read the material’s own electrical signature, non-destructively, while the component runs.
From the source
Dielectric or impedance spectroscopy is a nondestructive means of measuring the electrical properties of these materials and components as a function of frequency: the applied field polarises the material, the dipoles, atoms and electrons rearrange during a relaxation phase, and more dielectric mechanisms add in as the frequency falls, so the task is to de-convolve the response and resolve which mechanisms contribute to the polarization.Abstract; Section 1 with Figures 1 and 2
Active nanomaterial LANR materials have highly unusual electrical transconduction properties that accompany their excess-heat producing active states.Section 5.1, first bullet
Dry, preloaded nanomaterials exhibit avalanche electrical breakdown out of their active excess-heat-producing modes, and that breakdown terminates the desired excess heat — which Swartz names as a matter of particular interest and concern.Section 5.1, first bullet
Previously active dry preloaded components of both compositions, zirconia-palladium-deuterium and zirconia-palladium-nickel-deuterium, were examined by impedance spectroscopy across a very wide frequency span reaching about 2 gigahertz, and their Bode, Cole-Cole, Nyquist and Smith-chart plots reveal complex and quite distinguishable differences compared with conventional materials and ohmic controls.Section 5.1, second and third bullets; Figures 1, 6 and 7 for components 7-4, 6-7 and 7-22
The measurement can be built from inexpensive parts: an AD5933 12-bit impedance converter with a Cortex M3 core, programmable to about 400 kilohertz, driven through a four-terminal biased and amplified front end and an INA128 instrumentation amplifier, with a constant current sent through the component and the return analysed by the chip’s built-in discrete Fourier transform module, giving frequency resolution finer than a tenth of a hertz and phase accuracy near half a per cent.Section 3; Figure 5 and its caption
The distinguishing patterns may arise from several causes at once — the electrical avalanches observed, possible synchronized interactions between the loaded deuterons sitting in lattice vacancies, and material-science, coupling and transmission-line effects — and separating them is the open question the measurement now makes approachable.Section 5.1, final bullet
The way in
https://doi.org/10.70923/001c.124953How to cite it
Mitchell Swartz (2024) Impedance Spectroscopy Distinguishes Active ZrO2-PdNiD NANOR®-type LANR Components doi:10.70923/001c.124953