Historical research guide · 0977 · 2023

SUPERFORCE – the Fundamental Force of Unification

Salvatore Cezar Pais

In one minute

Einstein’s field equations join the matter side to the geometry side through one constant. Salvatore Cezar Pais — the aerospace engineer named as inventor on the Navy’s inertial-mass-reduction and plasma-compression patents — points out in this short preprint that the inverse of that constant, the speed of light to the fourth power divided by the gravitational constant, has the units of a force. It is the Planck force, about ten to the forty-fourth newtons, and he calls it the Superforce. His argument is that this one number is where quantum theory and gravity actually meet: it carries no Planck constant, so it can describe a quantum effect that shows up at everyday scale; it comes out the same whether computed from the Planck length or from the mass and radius of the observable universe; and at the Planck scale the strongest known force and the weakest both equal it. He closes with the engineering claim: because the speed of light in a medium is set by its permittivity and permeability, tuning those tunes the Superforce.

Connection

Chapter 8 is built on Pais’s patents, and this preprint is the theory he writes underneath them in his own voice — the one place he states plainly why he thinks tuning a material’s electrical and magnetic response should reach the coupling between matter and geometry. Chapter 13 is where the site asks what a single account of the forces would look like, and this is one candidate answer, offered as a proposal and read as one.

From the source

In Einstein’s gravitational field equations the stress-energy tensor is coupled to the geometry of curved spacetime by a scalar factor on the order of the gravitational constant divided by the speed of light to the fourth power. A dimensional analysis shows that the inverse of that coupling scalar has the units of energy divided by length — that is, of a force. General relativity can therefore be rewritten as the Einstein tensor being proportional to the stress-energy tensor divided by that force.Section II, A Path to Quantum Gravity
Pais names that quantity the Superforce and identifies it with the Planck force. He argues that because its mathematical structure does not contain the reduced Planck constant, it can relate to a quantum phenomenon exhibiting macroscopic classical behaviour — a macroscopic quantum phenomenon. That is the same category of effect his patents claim to engineer.Section II, paragraph three
The Superforce equals the energy gradient at two scales that have nothing else in common. Computed as the Planck energy divided by the Planck length it is about ten to the forty-fourth; computed as the mass of the observable universe times the speed of light squared divided by the radius of the observable universe it is the same number. Pais argues this cannot be a coincidence and that it shows the Superforce acting as the bridge between the realm of the very large and the realm of the very small.Section II, Equation 1
Taking the ratio of the strong nuclear force to the electromagnetic force as the reciprocal of the fine structure constant, and evaluating it at the Planck length, Pais recovers the speed of light to the fourth over the gravitational constant. Evaluating the gravitational force between two Planck masses separated by a Planck length gives the same quantity. He concludes that at the Planck scale the strongest of the known forces equals the weakest, and that both equal the Superforce — which is what makes it, in his account, the force of unification.Section III, Force of Unification
The engineering proposal. Since the speed of light in a medium is fixed by that medium’s magnetic permeability and electric permittivity, and the Superforce is written as the speed of light to the fourth divided by the gravitational constant, Pais argues that by engineering the permittivity and permeability of a given medium one can engineer the Superforce itself. This is the mechanism his device patents assume.Section V, Engineering the Superforce
The reinterpretation of general relativity he draws from it: rearranged, Einstein’s field equations state that it is the Superforce, acting locally on the spacetime geometric structure, that gives birth to energy density and hence generates matter. Pais closes by suggesting this may mean the cosmos is filled with a superfluid-like substance, citing Kerson Huang’s A Superfluid Universe.Section VI, Conclusion

The way in

https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/9kebt

Historical source-access record. This guide links to the original; it does not reproduce the paper text.

A preprint, not a peer-reviewed journal article. Posted to the Open Science Framework on 24 July 2023 and read for this sheet from the OSF record for 9kebt, which states the licence as CC0 1.0 Universal, creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode, and names the copyright holder as Salvatore Cezar Pais, 2023. CC0 is a dedication to the public domain, so the text below is reproduced in full; attribution is given here as a matter of scholarly practice rather than licence obligation. The author signs the paper as Aerospace Engineer, AIAA member — he is the named inventor on the United States Navy patents summarised elsewhere in this library. Display equations are reset in words with their source equation numbers; exponents lost in the text extraction have been restored from the arithmetic the author states, and obvious spelling slips in the extracted text have been corrected without any change to the argument. The paper’s own internal cross-reference to equation 1 in Section IV is reproduced as printed.

How to cite it

Salvatore Cezar Pais (2023) SUPERFORCE – the Fundamental Force of Unification doi:10.31219/osf.io/9kebt

Where it sits in the curriculum

Inertial mass reduction, the Navy patents and transmedium craft