3He/4He Production Ratios by Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation
Akito Takahashi
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Akito Takahashi of Osaka University asks what happens inside a metal when four hydrogen nuclei and four electrons lock together into a tetrahedron — the object he calls a tetrahedral symmetric condensate, or TSC. The cluster carries no net charge, so nothing halts its inward squeeze: his calculation has it shrinking to well under a picometre across in about sixty femtoseconds, at which point the strong nuclear force takes over. This paper extends the model to mixtures of ordinary hydrogen and deuterium, which is what a long-running electrolysis cell drifts towards. Swap one or two deuterons for protons and the cluster fuses down different channels, making helium-3 alongside helium-4, and Takahashi predicts the ratio as a function of the hydrogen fraction — about a tenth of a per cent helium-3 at one per cent hydrogen, rising to roughly sixteen per cent at fifty. He then argues that the neutral cluster is small enough to slip inside a host atom’s electron shells and react with the nucleus itself, and works the rates out for nickel.
Why it matters hereChapter 12 is about bringing nuclei close enough to fuse inside solid matter rather than inside a hot plasma, and this is one of the field’s most fully worked-out mechanisms for it: a charge-neutral cluster that carries its own screening all the way down to nuclear range. It also hands experimenters a number to check — the helium-3 to helium-4 ratio against hydrogen contamination — which is exactly the kind of measurement chapter 12’s ledger is built from.
What it claims
01A tetrahedral symmetric condensate — four deuterons or protons with four anti-parallel-spin electrons — is charge-neutral, so its three-dimensionally constrained motion squeezes it to a radius far below one picometre within about sixty femtoseconds, until charge neutrality breaks at the strong-force range of roughly five femtometres.Section 3.1, with Figure 3
Published and peer-reviewed02In a mixed hydrogen and deuterium cluster the four-body channels are D+D+D+D to 8Be* giving two 4He and 47.6 MeV, D+D+D+H to 7Be* giving 3He plus 4He and 29.3 MeV, and D+H+D+H to 6Be* giving two 3He and 11.0 MeV.Section 2, equations 1 to 3
Published and peer-reviewed03Folding the cluster combination probabilities into the EQPET modal fusion rates predicts a helium-3 to helium-4 production ratio of about 0.1 per cent at a one per cent hydrogen-to-deuterium ratio, rising to about 16 per cent at fifty per cent; reproducing the ratio Arata and Zhang reported would require roughly sixty per cent, that is about 37.5 per cent hydrogen contamination of the heavy water.Section 2, Figure 2 and Tables I and II
What to watch04Because the condensate is neutral and smaller than the innermost electron orbit of a heavy atom — about 1.9 picometres for nickel, 1.15 for palladium — it can penetrate the host atom’s electron clouds almost without Coulomb repulsion and interact directly with the host nucleus.Section 3.2, with Figures 4 and 5
What to watch05The sudden tall thin barrier approximation gives a nickel plus four-proton rate of about 1.0 times ten to the minus eight reactions per second per pair; with a pair density of about ten to the seventeenth in a ten-nanometre nickel surface layer that is roughly ten to the ninth reactions per second per square centimetre, about five milliwatts per square centimetre.Section 3.2, equations 17 to 24
What to watch06The predicted fission products of nickel-62 plus four protons are almost all stable isotopes, and their element distribution matches the two peak groups above atomic number ten in the Miley and Patterson nickel-hydrogen data.Section 3.2, Table III and Figure 6
What to watch
The way in
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812774354_0060LICENCE. The version of record is a chapter of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion, ICCF-11, Marseille, France, November 2004, published by World Scientific in 2006; the volume carries the publisher’s standard copyright and no Creative Commons statement, and the chapter is marked closed. SOURCE REACHED. The author’s own manuscript, which closes with the line that it is submitted to the ICCF-11 proceedings, is free to read in the LENR-CANR library at lenr-canr.org/acrobat/TakahashiAheheproduc.pdf, and this sheet is written from that full text; every locator below cites the manuscript’s own section, equation, table and figure numbers. Because no licence permits redistribution, no text of the paper is reproduced here. The author’s address on the paper is Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
How to cite it
Akito Takahashi (2006) 3He/4He Production Ratios by Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation. doi:10.1142/9789812774354_0060
Where it sits in the curriculum