Historical research guide · 0562 · 2017
Theoretical Study of Anomalous Forces Externally Induced by Superconductors
Elio B. Porcelli · Victo S. Filho
In one minute
Elio Porcelli and Victo Filho ask what would have to be true for Evgeny Podkletnov’s superconductor experiments to work, and then check the arithmetic. Podkletnov reported two things: a charged high-temperature superconducting disc, hit with a megavolt discharge, deflecting a rubber pendulum bob at a distance of 150 metres through solid obstacles; and a magnetically levitated, spinning superconducting toroid under which small test masses lost a fraction of a percent of their weight. Porcelli and Filho propose that the Cooper pairs inside the superconductor — an enormous number of electrons sharing one wave function — are already entangled with the ordinary particles around them, so momentum given to the pairs is partly passed on to outside objects without any field carrying it. From that single assumption they compute both experiments with classical mechanics: a longitudinal force equal to the magnetic constant times the square of the current, and a centrifugal force acting on the pairs’ total mass. The predicted energies and weight losses land inside the ranges Podkletnov measured.
Connection
Chapter 11 is the chapter where superconductors and gravity meet, and Podkletnov’s results are the observations it has to account for. This paper is the rare attempt to put numbers on them: one stated assumption, two independent experiments, and predictions that can be checked against published measurements — which is exactly the kind of falsifiable model chapter 1 asks for. Chapter 13 gets the wider proposal underneath it, that gravity itself may be a generalised quantum nonlocal effect.
From the source
The model’s single assumption is that a state of generalised quantum entanglement is preexisting and rules all particles in the universe. Its effect is normally undetectable because of the huge entropy of the mixture of states of the myriad particles that exist; to raise it you must put an enormous quantity of particles into the same quantum state locally, which is what happens to the Cooper pairs inside a superconductor below its critical temperature.Sect. 1, Introduction
The nonlocal longitudinal force induced outside the superconductor is the magnetic constant times the square of the electric current, with the dimensionless geometric coefficient taken as unity because the induction is not mediated by a magnetic field. For Podkletnov’s impulse gravity generator, where a 0.1 coulomb discharge over an average of 5 times ten to the minus five seconds gives an average current of 2000 amperes at 2 megavolts, the force is 5.03 newtons; at 1 megavolt it is 1.26 newtons and at 500 kilovolts 0.315 newtons.Sect. 2.1, Eqs. (1) and (2)
Dividing that force by the 113.1 square centimetre area of the 120 millimetre superconducting disc and multiplying by the 13.52 square centimetre half-spherical area of the pendulum bob gives the induced force on the bob; multiplying by the disc thickness gives the work done. For the 8 millimetre disc the model returns 48, 12 and 3 times ten to the minus four joules at 2 megavolts, 1 megavolt and 500 kilovolts, against the 23.1, 13.9 and 3.6 times ten to the minus four joules of potential energy variation reported in the experiment.Sect. 2.1, Eqs. (3) to (5) and Table 1
For the rotating toroid, taking an intermediate Cooper-pair density of 2.5 times ten to the twenty-first electrons per cubic centimetre over the 380.58 cubic centimetre superconducting volume gives a total Cooper-pair mass of 8.66 times ten to the minus seven kilograms. The centrifugal force on that mass, divided by the weight of a 25 gram test mass, predicts weight losses of 0.216 percent at 4000 revolutions per minute and 0.338 percent at 5000, against a measured range of 0.3 to 0.5 percent at the toroid’s outer radius — and 0.07 and 0.12 percent at the inner radius against a measured 0.1 to 0.25 percent.Sect. 2.2, Eqs. (6) to (10)
For the static levitated toroid, the magnetic force needed to annul the weight of the Cooper pairs is transmitted upward to the test mass; taking the levitation force as three times the Cooper-pair weight, since the toroid hung 3.5 centimetres up, gives a weight loss of 0.0564 percent for a 10 gram test mass, inside the measured range of 0.05 to 0.07 percent. That the induced force is perpendicular to the surface while the centrifugal force is radial is attributed to Cooper pairs deviating perpendicularly from the resistive lower layer into the superconducting upper layer.Sect. 2.2, closing paragraphs
The effects as measured are still too weak for technological application, but the authors name the levers that should raise them: time-dependent electric fields, deliberate impurities, pulsed magnetic fields, faster rotation, superconductor devices layered from different materials, and above all materials with a higher density of Cooper pairs — niobium and niobium-titanium are the ones they intend to analyse next.Sect. 2.2, final paragraph, and Sect. 3, Conclusions
The way in
https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2017.99028How to cite it
Elio B. Porcelli, Victo S. Filho (2017) Theoretical Study of Anomalous Forces Externally Induced by Superconductors doi:10.4236/ns.2017.99028